Question 1

Vision in the elderly may be impaired when the lens of the eye becomes larger and less elastic,resulting in:&#10;A) presbyopia&#10;B) cataracts&#10;C) glaucoma&#10;D) damage to the retina

Accepted Answer

Presbyopia is a condition that affects the ability of the eye to focus due to the natural aging process of the lens becoming larger and less elastic. This can cause difficulty seeing objects up close and may lead to the need for reading glasses or bifocals. Cataracts, glaucoma, and damage to the retina are also common age-related eye conditions, but they do not specifically involve changes in the size and elasticity of the lens.

Question 2

All are physiologic changes that occur with aging EXCEPT:&#10;A) reduced skeletal muscle mass&#10;B) degeneration of fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs in the spine&#10;C) increased Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)&#10;D) reduced bladder capacity and incomplete bladder emptying&#10;E) thinner dermis and decreased subcutaneous tissue

Accepted Answer

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) actually decreases with aging, not increases.

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the increasing lifespan of the general population?&#10;A) reduced cognitive and social activities&#10;B) improved living conditions&#10;C) better nutrition&#10;D) advancements in healthcare&#10;E) increase in regular physical exercise

Accepted Answer

Reduced cognitive and social activities would actually contribute to a decrease in lifespan as it can lead to cognitive decline and isolation which are detrimental to one's health. The other options all contribute to an increasing lifespan.

Question 4

Predisposing factors to osteoporosis in older women include all of the following EXCEPT:&#10;A) decreased estrogen secretion&#10;B) genetic factors&#10;C) sedentary lifestyle&#10;D) decreased parathyroid hormone

Accepted Answer

Decreased parathyroid hormone actually predisposes one to osteoporosis, so it is not an exception. The other three factors listed (decreased estrogen secretion, genetic factors, and sedentary lifestyle) all contribute to an increased risk of osteoporosis in older women.

Question 5

All of the following changes are associated with aging EXCEPT:&#10;A) loss of elastic fibers&#10;B) decreased metabolic rate&#10;C) decreased secretion of all hormones&#10;D) degenerative vascular changes

Accepted Answer

While there is a decrease in some hormone secretion with aging, not all hormones decrease. For example, cortisol levels may actually increase with age. The other choices are all commonly associated with aging.

Question 6

Senescence refers to the period of time when:&#10;A) mitosis is accelerated&#10;B) apoptosis is reduced&#10;C) aging changes become apparent&#10;D) cell death exceeds cell replacement

Accepted Answer

The answer of Senescence refers to the period of time...

Question 7

What is a major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly?&#10;A) widespread vascular degeneration&#10;B) cumulative exposure to carcinogens&#10;C) hereditary factors&#10;D) increased immune surveillance

Accepted Answer

Cumulative exposure to carcinogens over a lifetime is a major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly. As people age, they have had more opportunities to be exposed to potentially cancer-causing substances such as radiation, tobacco smoke, and pollutants. Additionally, age-related changes in the body may make it more susceptible to cancer development. While hereditary factors can play a role in some types of cancer, they are not the primary factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly. Increased immune surveillance is actually a protective factor against cancer, so it would not be a major factor leading to increased occurrence in this population. Similarly, widespread vascular degeneration is not directly linked to increased risk of cancer.

Question 8

The term given to the change that occurs in women at around age 50 with the cessation of the menstrual cycle is:&#10;A) menopause&#10;B) dysmenorrhea&#10;C) amenorrhea&#10;D) menarche

Accepted Answer

Menopause is the term given to the change that occurs in women at around age 50 with the cessation of the menstrual cycle. Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstruation, amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation, and menarche refers to the first occurrence of menstruation.

Question 9

Recommendations to reduce the risk factors and the progression of osteoporosis with aging include:&#10;A) reducing Vitamin D intake&#10;B) maintaining walking and weight-bearing exercise&#10;C) increasing bone resorption&#10;D) maintaining glucocorticoid therapy

Accepted Answer

Maintaining walking and weight-bearing exercise has been shown to reduce the risk factors and slow the progression of osteoporosis with aging. Vitamin D is important for bone health, and reducing intake could potentially increase the risk of osteoporosis. Increasing bone resorption, which involves breaking down bone tissue, is not a recommended approach for preventing or treating osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid therapy, which involves the use of steroids, can actually increase the risk of osteoporosis and is therefore not recommended unless necessary for another medical condition.

Question 10

Theories about the causes of aging include:&#10;A) apoptosis&#10;B) wear and tear&#10;C) altered protein (amyloid)accumulation&#10;D) degenerative changes in collagen or elastic fibers&#10;E) all the above

Accepted Answer

All of the above theories have been proposed as potential causes of aging. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, may contribute to age-related decline in tissue function. Wear and tear on tissues over time can lead to changes and damage. Accumulation of altered proteins, such as amyloid, has been implicated in age-related diseases like Alzheimer's. Degenerative changes in collagen or elastic fibers can contribute to visible signs of aging like wrinkles and sagging skin.

Question 11

With advancing age,the major change in the cardiovascular system involves:&#10;A) irregular impulse conduction in the heart&#10;B) reduced number of collagen fibres to support cardiac muscle&#10;C) vascular degeneration leading to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis&#10;D) heart valves become thin and weak&#10;E) lower blood pressure and slower pulse

Accepted Answer

The answer of With advancing age,the major change in the...

Question 12

Which of the following may develop in an elderly patient who has several medical problems and is markedly obese?&#10;A) osteoarthritis and cardiovascular complications&#10;B) decreased activity and diabetes mellitus&#10;C) undesirable interactions with multiple prescription drugs and OTC medications&#10;D) a,b&#10;E) a,b,c

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following may develop in...

Deck 10: Aging and Disease Processes