Question 1

Zia is a 4 month old with otitis media.Education of his parents regarding administering oral antibiotics to an infant includes:&#10;A) How to administer an oral drug using a medication syringe&#10;B) Mixing the medication with a couple ounces of formula and putting it in a bottle&#10;C) Discontinuing the antibiotic if diarrhea occurs&#10;D) Calling for an antibiotic change if the infant chokes and sputters during administration

Accepted Answer

Administering an oral drug using a medication syringe ensures that the infant gets the correct dose of the medication and minimizes the risk of improper administration. Mixing the medication with formula is not recommended as the infant may not consume the entire dose and may not receive the full benefit of the medication. Discontinuing the antibiotic if diarrhea occurs is not advised as diarrhea is a common side effect of antibiotics and does not necessarily mean that the medication should be stopped. Calling for an antibiotic change if the infant chokes and sputters during administration is not necessary unless there is a concern that the infant is not receiving the medication properly.

Question 2

Janie is a 5-month-old breastfed infant with a fever.Treatment for her fever may include:&#10;A) &#34;Baby&#34; aspirin&#10;B) Acetaminophen suppository&#10;C) Ibuprofen suppository&#10;D) Alternating acetaminophen and ibuprofen

Accepted Answer

Acetaminophen suppository

Question 3

The Pediatric Research Equity Acts requires:&#10;A) All children be provided equal access to drug research trials&#10;B) Children to be included in the planning phase of new drug development&#10;C) That pediatric drug trials guarantee children of multiple ethnic groups are included&#10;D) All applications for new active ingredients,new indications,new dosage forms,or new routes of administration require pediatric studies

Accepted Answer

The Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA) requires all applications for new active ingredients, new indications, new dosage forms, or new routes of administration to include pediatric studies unless a waiver is granted. This is to ensure that the safety and efficacy of drugs are also tested in children, not just adults.

Question 4

The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act:&#10;A) Includes a pediatric exclusivity rule which extends the patent on drugs studied in children&#10;B) Establishes a committee that writes guidelines for pediatric prescribing&#10;C) Provides funding for new drug development aimed at children&#10;D) Encourages manufacturers specifically to develop pediatric formulations

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act:&#10;A) Includes...

Question 5

To increase adherence in pediatric patients a prescription medication should:&#10;A) Have a short half-life&#10;B) Be the best tasting of the effective drugs&#10;C) Be the least concentrated form of the medication&#10;D) Be administered 3 or 4 times a day

Accepted Answer

Pediatric patients are more likely to take medication that is palatable and tastes good. The taste of medication has been found to be one of the most important factors affecting adherence in children. Therefore, selecting the best tasting among equally effective drugs can increase adherence in pediatric patients.

Question 6

Drugs that are absolutely contraindicated in lactating women include:&#10;A) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors&#10;B) Antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine&#10;C) Antineoplastic drugs such as methotrexate&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Antineoplastic drugs such as methotrexate are absolutely contraindicated in lactating women due to their potential harmful effects on the infant. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine are not necessarily absolutely contraindicated, but their use should be carefully weighed and evaluated on a case-by-case basis considering the potential risks and benefits. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any medication while breastfeeding.

Question 7

The developmental variation in Phase I enzymes has what impact on pediatric prescribing?&#10;A) None,Phase I enzymes are stable throughout childhood.&#10;B) Children should always be prescribed lower than adult doses per weight due to low enzyme activity until puberty.&#10;C) Children should always be prescribed higher than adult doses per weight due to high enzyme activity.&#10;D) Prescribing dosages will vary based on the developmental activity of each enzyme,at times requiring lower than adult doses and other times higher than adult doses based on the age of the child.

Accepted Answer

The developmental variation in Phase I enzymes means that pediatric prescribing will vary based on the activity of each individual enzyme. Therefore, at times lower than adult doses may be required and at other times higher than adult doses, depending on the age of the child and the activity level of the specific enzyme involved. It is important to consider these variations in enzyme activity when prescribing medications for children.

Question 8

Topical corticosteroids are prescribed cautiously in young children due to:&#10;A) They may cause an intense hypersensitivity reaction&#10;B) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)axis suppression&#10;C) Corticosteroids are less effective in young children&#10;D) Young children may accumulate corticosteroids leading to toxic levels

Accepted Answer

Topical corticosteroids can suppress the HPA axis, which can lead to a variety of complications, such as growth delay or adrenal crisis. This risk is greater in young children, who have a larger body surface area to weight ratio, and hence absorb more of the corticosteroid per unit of body weight. Therefore, topical corticosteroids are prescribed cautiously in young children.

Question 9

Liza is breastfeeding her 2-month-old son and has an infection that requires an antibiotic.What drug factors influence the effect of the drug on the infant?&#10;A) Maternal drug levels&#10;B) Half-life&#10;C) Lipid-solubility&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

All three factors (maternal drug levels, half-life, and lipid-solubility) can influence the effect of the drug on the infant. Maternal drug levels determine the amount of drug that can be passed to the infant through breast milk. Half-life determines how long the drug stays in the system, potentially leading to more or less exposure for the infant. Lipid-solubility determines how easily the drug can pass through breast milk and into the infant's system. Therefore, all three factors are important to consider when assessing the potential effects of a drug on a breastfeeding infant.

Question 10

Developmental variation in renal function has what impact on prescribing for infants and children?&#10;A) Lower doses of renally excreted drugs may be prescribed to infants younger than age 6 months.&#10;B) Higher doses of water soluble drugs may need to be prescribed due to increased renal excretion.&#10;C) Renal excretion rates have no impact on prescribing.&#10;D) Parents need to be instructed on whether drugs are renally excreted or not.

Accepted Answer

Developmental variation in renal function can impact how drugs are excreted and metabolized in infants and children. Infants younger than 6 months often have lower renal function, so lower doses of renally excreted drugs may need to be prescribed to avoid toxicity. It is important for healthcare professionals to take into account developmental variation in renal function when prescribing medication for infants and children.

Deck 50: Pediatric Patients