Deck 15: Subcortical Dementias

Question 1

____________________ are small,tightly packed granular structures with ring-like filaments found within dying cells.

Answer 1

Lewy bodies

Question 2

Parkinsonism and chorea are motor manifestations in patients with subcortical dementia.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The loss of dopamine from the ____________________ is directly related to the problems of movement initiation and motor rigidity seen in Parkinson's disease.

Answer 3

substantia nigra

Question 4

Tests of ____________________ have shown that individuals with Parkinson's disease have difficulties with changing mental sets,maintaining mental sets,and temporal structuring.

Question 5

____________________ were the first treatment for Parkinson's disease.

Question 6

The term bradykinesia describes the complete loss of movement.

Question 7

____________________ is a behavioral syndrome marked by the motor symptoms of tremor,rigidity,and slowness of movement.

Question 8

____________________ is a major symptom of PD and is associated with the tightening of muscles and joints.

Question 9

Compulsive word or phrase repetition is termed ____________________.

Question 10

____________________ describes a poverty of movement that is not only slowed but reduced in magnitude.

Question 11

In PD,a(n)____________________ is characterized by rapid small steps.

Question 12

Lewy Bodies are only found in the subcortical regions of the brain.

Question 13

____________________ refers to the reduced facial expression of individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Question 14

____________________ is a term used to describe handwriting and drawings that are smaller than normal size.

Question 15

In patients with PD,a(n)____________________ is characterized by rhythmic shaking.

Question 16

In ____________________,the ventral,or internal portion,of the globus pallidus is lesioned via heat coagulation of the neurons to alleviate Parkinson's Disease.

Question 17

An individual suffering from difficulty retrieving learned information and/or abnormalities of mood and motivation may have a(n)____________________.

Question 18

Individuals with HD will perform normally on memory tests if provided ____________________ cues.

Question 19

The basal ganglia largely controls the fluidity of over-learned and semiautomatic motor programs.

Question 20

Parkinsonian disorders are treated with levodopa and other dopaminergic agents.

Question 21

Hypophonia is characterized by:

A)softening of the vocal chords.
B)hardening of the vocal chords.
C)softening of the vocal quality.
D)increase in vocal quality.

Question 22

Parkinson's disease peaks between the ages of:

A)40-50.
B)50-54.
C)56-60.
D)60-64.

Question 23

Patients with Parkinson's disease are most often described as having:

A)a mask-like face.
B)a presentation much like a stroke patient.
C)a Tourette's-like presentation.
D)varied speech intonation.

Question 24

The suicide rate in Huntington's disease patient is lower than in other degenerative disorders.

Question 25

All of the following factors contribute to the comorbidity of dementia and Parkinson's disease except:

A)duration of the illness.
B)age of diagnosis.
C)disease severity.
D)familial history of Parkinson's.

Question 26

Scrapie-associated fibrils are synonymous with prions.

Question 27

The targeted neurotransmitter adversely affected by Parkinson's disease is:

A)acetylcholine.
B)dopamine.
C)serotonin.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 28

The difference between idiopathic,postencephalitic,and drug-induced Parkinson's disease is:

A)the etiology of the disorder.
B)the age of onset for the disease.
C)the initial symptoms of the disorder.
D)the nature of the decline over time.

Question 29

Individuals with Parkinson's disease are typically more impaired on tests of procedural memory than declarative memory.

Question 30

Which of the following may be one of the first symptoms noticed by an individual with Parkinson's disease?

A)resting tremor
B)masked face
C)depression
D)cogwheel rigidity

Question 31

Individuals with Parkinson's disease usually have memory loss and word finding difficulty.

Question 32

Chorea refers to twisting and grimacing movements of the face and body.

Question 33

Possible side effects of anticholinergic medication includes dry mouth,constipation,and blurred vision.

Question 34

The gene for Huntington's disease remains unidentified.

Question 35

In Creutzfeld-Jacob disease,motor symptoms precede emotional symptoms.

Question 36

CJD is a cortical rather than a subcortical dementia.

Question 37

The substantia nigra is:

A)a midbrain structure.
B)responsible for the supply of serotonin in the brain.
C)part of the basal ganglia.
D)both a midbrain structure and part of the basal ganglia.

Question 38

One possible explanation the text gives for the occurrence of dementia in Parkinson's disease is:

A)the dementia is misdiagnosed.
B)those with dementia differ in the level of severity of cognitive decline.
C)motor difficulties cause increased dementia.
D)demented PD patients are part of a subgroup with early-onset symptoms.

Question 39

A significant loss of dopamine from the substantia nigra is specifically responsible for:

A)problems maintaining mental set.
B)problems initiating movement.
C)problems maintaining balance.
D)problems establishing mental set.

Question 40

The onset of Parkinson's disease is:

A)slow and stepwise.
B)insidious and slow.
C)sudden and stepwise.
D)sudden and progressive.

Question 41

Micrographia denotes:

A)small numerical writing.
B)slowed and small handwriting.
C)slowed motor output.
D)lowered speech production.

Question 42

The specific component(s)implicated in the impaired memory performance of Parkinson's disease patients is/are:

A)encoding.
B)organization.
C)retrieval.
D)organization and retrieval.

Question 43

The dysexecutive syndrome sometimes seen in Parkinson's disease is characterized by difficulty:

A)switching mental sets.
B)maintaining mental sets.
C)both switching and maintaining mental sets.
D)both switching mental set and explaining abstract concepts.

Question 44

Positive symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:

A)a loss of motor function.
B)a loss of cognitive function.
C)an excess of emotional alterations.
D)an excess of motor behavior.

Question 45

Bradykinesia may be described as:

A)slowed thought processes.
B)slowed motor output.
C)a poverty of movement that is slow and reduced.
D)fluid,quick motor output.

Question 46

In relation to Parkinson's disease,negative symptoms refer to:

A)a loss of motor function.
B)a loss of cognitive function.
C)an excess of emotional alterations.
D)the only symptoms of Parkinson's patients.

Question 47

Non-declarative memory impairment in Parkinson's disease is best demonstrated during:

A)procedural learning tasks.
B)contextual learning tasks.
C)perceptual motor adaptation testing.
D)verbal list learning.

Question 48

Problems in temporal structuring seen in Parkinson's may result in:

A)missing scheduled appointments.
B)difficulty learning the sequencing of a new task.
C)remembering what medications have to be taken.
D)all of these

Question 49

Hemiparkinsonism has led to the hypothesis that:

A)motor deficits are always unilateral.
B)a subgroup of patients will show intermittent symptoms of PD.
C)just as the motor symptoms may lateralize,so may the cognitive deficits.
D)sometimes patients show outwards signs of PD and sometimes they don't.

Question 50

Lewy bodies have been hypothesized to:

A)clearly indicate a diagnosis of PD.
B)be a marker of cell death.
C)be present throughout all ages.
D)be located only in the basal ganglia.

Question 51

Visuospatial deficits seen in Parkinson's patients may be explained by all of the following except:

A)spatial abilities require an internal visualization and a motor response.
B)the basal ganglia's role in visuomotor aspects of visuospatial impairments.
C)a disruption in the visuospatial-motor circuit.
D)the subgroup hypothesis of specific impairments given initial unilateral symptomatology.

Question 52

Speech production deficits seen in Parkinson's disease include:

A)dysphonia.
B)tachiphemia.
C)palilalia.
D)all of these

Question 53

The most commonly reported nonmotor neuropsychological deficit in PD is:

A)visuospatial impairment.
B)executive dysfunction.
C)verbal memory impairment.
D)visual memory impairment.

Question 54

The dysexecutive problems seen in Parkinson's disease are the direct result of:

A)global morphological changes of the frontal lobes.
B)specific dorsolateral prefrontal atrophy.
C)disruption of the white matter tracts leading from the basal ganglia to the premotor area of the frontal lobe.
D)disruption of the white matter tracts leading from the premotor area of the frontal lobe to the prefrontal regions involved with set shifting.

Question 55

Evidence that the visuospatial deficits seen in PD go beyond the motor component include:

A)the performance of PD patients on visual constructional tasks.
B)reported difficulties orienting self in space.
C)poor copy performance from a model.
D)impaired ability to match lines of various orientations.

Question 56

The initial treatment for Parkinson's disease,begun in the late 1950s,was:

A)psychotropic medication.
B)L-Dopa.
C)deep thalamic stimulation.
D)pallidotomy.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true regarding dopaminergic medications?

A)Dopaminergic medications are an effective cure for Parkinson's disease for most patients.
B)Dopaminergic medications are a time-limited treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
C)Dopaminergic medications,while not a cure,effectively manage motor symptoms of the disease for the life of most Parkinson's patients.
D)Dopaminergic medications are no longer used because they are not the cure they were once believed to be.

Question 58

Negative symptoms of Parkinson's disease include all of the following except:

A)rigidity.
B)festinating gait.
C)slowed speech.
D)slowed saccades.

Question 59

The hypothesis of hemiparkinsonism is based on the theory that:

A)the dopaminergic system is only partially impaired in these patients.
B)unilateral damage to the basal-cortical pathway results in a disconnection.
C)there is a unilateral lesion of the basal ganglia.
D)the substantia nigra is only partially damaged in these patients.

Question 60

Positive symptoms of Parkinson's disease include all of the following except:

A)poor balance.
B)cogwheel rigidity.
C)resting tremor.
D)bradykinesia.

Question 61

An indication of the age of onset and severity of symptoms of Huntington's disease is the:

A)number of chromosomes affected by the disorder.
B)number of relatives diagnosed with the disorder.
C)number of repeats of a specific gene code.
D)number of repeats of a specific chromosome.

Question 62

Which of the following is higher in Huntington's disease than in other degenerative disorders?

A)co-occurrence of Alzheimer's disease
B)risk of developing pica
C)risk of developing anorexia nervosa
D)suicide rate

Question 63

Mad cow disease is synonymous with:

A)bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
B)kuru.
C)scrapie.
D)cow tipping.

Question 64

The neuropsychological pattern of a typical Creutzfeld-Jacob patient is:

A)motor impairment and visual deficits.
B)motor impairment and attention/concentration difficulties.
C)global impairment of all functions.
D)These patients are untestable and a profile is not known.

Question 65

All of the following are successful pharmacological agents to fight the motor deficits associated with Parkinson's disease except:

A)monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
B)selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
C)decarboxylase inhibitors.
D)anti-depressants.

Question 66

There are several forms of spongiform encephalopathies,including all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Creutzfeld-Jacob disease.
B)scrapie.
C)drug-induced Parkinson's disease.
D)mad cow disease.

Question 67

The cognitive deficits seen in Huntington's disease are due primarily to the breakdown in:

A)limbic connections to the frontal lobes.
B)premotor frontal functioning.
C)caudate connections to the frontal lobes.
D)both premotor frontal functioning & caudate connections.

Question 68

Which of the following diseases is the rarest?

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

Question 69

Huntington's disease is to Parkinson's disease as

A)caudate nucleus is to substantia nigra.
B)putamen is to globus pallidus.
C)caudate nucleus is to putamen.
D)globus pallidus is to striatum.

Question 70

Spongiform encephalopathy is so termed because:

A)of the holes in the brains of patients.
B)a sponge is constantly needed to keep patients clean.
C)the brains of patients swell when water is added.
D)none of these

Question 71

Once the dementing process has begun in individuals with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease or kuru,approximately how rapidly does it progress?

A)one month
B)three to four months
C)two years
D)three to four years

Question 72

Memory deficits of Huntington's patients are much like:

A)Alzheimer's patients.
B)Parkinson's patients.
C)Creutzfeld-Jacob patients.
D)normal aging.

Question 73

Huntington's disease is a:

A)cortical,genetic movement disorder.
B)subcortical,acquired movement disorder.
C)subcortical,genetic movement disorder.
D)cortical,acquired movement disorder.

Question 74

What are the two groups of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease? Describe the symptoms of each group.

Question 75

This chapter focused on Parkinson's Disease,Huntington's Disease,and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.What is the common behavior feature of these subcortical dementias and what part of the brain is targeted in each disease? What is meant by the term "subcortical dementia"? What are the major differences in symptoms between the three diseases (how would you distinguish one from another)?

Question 76

Which of the following is the most quickly progressing dementia?

A)Alzheimer's disease.
B)Parkinson's disease.
C)Huntington's disease.
D)Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease.

Question 77

Which of the following is a motor symptom observed in individuals with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease?

A)a "drunk" stagger
B)slurred speech
C)uncoordinated movements
D)all of these

Question 78

What is the focus of current research with regards to spongiform encephalopathies?

A)the cannibilistic tribes of New Guinea
B)prions
C)amyloid plaques
D)really angry cows

Question 79

Pallidotomy is to deep thalamic stimulation as:

A)heat lesion is to electrical impulse.
B)electrical impulse is to heat lesion.
C)amputation is to pacemaker.
D)lesion localization is to generalized treatment.

Question 80

There is an old saying that if "you put a smile on your face you will feel happy." Many Parkinson's patients may have difficulty expressing emotion on their face.What are some of the mood and emotional symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease? Is it possible that some of the depressive symptoms associated with PD are a result of diminished emotional expression capabilities?