Deck 10: Developmental Disorders of Childhood

Question 1

The blood lead level that is currently viewed as safe is ____________________.

Answer 1

£ 10 ug/dL

Question 2

A submicroscopic genetic deletion on chromosome ____________________ is associated with Williams syndrome.

Answer 2

7

Question 3

Deletion of the ____________________ gene is associated with many of the physical anomalies of individuals with Williams syndrome.

Answer 3

elastin

Question 4

Advanced hydrocephalus can thin the ____________________,resulting in cognitive deficits.

Question 5

____________________ are hormones that stimulate the functions of the ovaries.

Question 6

Primitive neural reflexes are normal for an infant but not an adult.

Question 7

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)and those with ____________________ show comparable neuropsychological deficits.
or

Question 8

The progression of brain damage associated with hydrocephalus is ____________________.

Question 9

Children with Williams syndrome show a local rather than a(n)____________________ bias in face processing.

Question 10

The term ____________________ refers to enduring changes in neural activity that accompanies learning,or the recovery of behavioral functioning after brain injury or disease.

Question 11

It is hypothesized that the brain's plasticity is greatest during developmental periods when synaptic density is lowest--that is,when excessive numbers of synapses have been pruned.

Question 12

Adults with left temporal lobe damage often show unimpaired word production,but show deficits in language ____________________.

Question 13

Agenesis is the term for when an organ fails to develop,while ____________________ refers to abnormal development of an organ.

Question 14

Investigators have drawn a parallel between the neurocognitive profile of children with Turner's syndrome and the profile of children demonstrating a(n)____________________.

Question 15

Anomalies of the ____________________ lobe are believed to be associated with the unusual reaction of individuals with Williams syndrome to auditory stimuli.

Question 16

The surgical implanting of a(n)____________________ has enabled many children with hydrocephalus to avoid serious cognitive deficits.

Question 17

Prefrontal functions do not emerge until late childhood or early adolescence.

Question 18

An intrauterine infection during the fifth and sixth month of gestation can cause polymicrogyria.

Question 19

Unlike adults,young children who have suffered brain injury of the right hemisphere do not demonstrate deficits in visuoconstructive and emotional comprehension abilities.

Question 20

Anomaly of the ____________________ chromosome is associated with Turner's syndrome.

Question 21

A prenatal anatomic disorder involving the failure of the two hemispheres of the brain to develop is termed:

A)spina bifida.
B)porencephaly.
C)holoprosencephaly.
D)focal dysplasia.

Question 22

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)is a long-lasting and debilitating condition that has been a recognized medical and neuropsychological disorder since the 1970's.

Question 23

Children with the physical phenotype of Turner's syndrome can demonstrate normal karyotypes.

Question 24

The poor performance of children with hydrocephalus on measures of executive function confirms that these children have experienced damage to their frontal lobes.

Question 25

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)are also referred to as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disabilities (ARND).

Question 26

Which cognitive impairments related to prenatal lead exposure have been found to continue into adolescence?

A)language and speech
B)verbal and tactile memory
C)autobiographic memory
D)attention and visuoconstructive skills

Question 27

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)often show significantly improved cognitive,social and emotional functioning as they move into adolescence.

Question 28

In contrasting the effects of brain injury of an adult to that of a child,which of the following is true?

A)The injury disrupts abilities and functions that are being acquired.
B)The emergence of primitive reflexes in adulthood is a pathological sign.
C)Dyslexia is a common consequence of injury to the adult brain.
D)all of these

Question 29

Disruption of cellular migration during the 16^th to 20^th week of prenatal development can produce:

A)polymicrogyria.
B)porencephaly.
C)agyria.
D)anencephaly.

Question 30

Hydrocephalus can be caused by the obstruction of the CSF pathways as a result of congenital malformation,tumors,or scarring.

Question 31

The Kennard principle proposes that:

A)greater recovery from brain injury is likely if the injury occurs early in life.
B)the effects of early damage may not be evident until later in life.
C)greater recovery from brain injury is likely if the injury occurs later in life.
D)none of these

Question 32

In Turner's syndrome,the second X is either missing or otherwise abnormal in formation or location.

Question 33

Schnass and colleagues (2006)determined that lead exposure was negatively correlated with intellectual performance at:

A)2 weeks of gestation.
B)28 weeks of gestation.
C)12 weeks of gestation.
D)20 weeks of gestation.

Question 34

The most common cause of perinatal and postnatal hydrocephalus is:

A)intraventricular hemorrhage.
B)intraventricular abscess.
C)interventricular hemorrhage.
D)interventricular herniation.

Question 35

Young primates who have received damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show immediate deficits in delayed response performance.

Question 36

Damage to the right hemisphere,particularly the parietal region,is often associated with visuospatial and visuomotor deficits.

Question 37

The agents that can produce central nervous system defects during critical periods of prenatal development are termed:

A)ageratogens.
B)teratogens.
C)dyseratogens.
D)toxinogens.

Question 38

It is believed that the plasticity of the brain is greatest during developmental periods when:

A)synaptic density is high.
B)pruning is high.
C)neural cells are migrating.
D)synaptic density is low.

Question 39

Children who suffer brain lesions rarely exhibit:

A)motor impairment.
B)dyslexia.
C)aphasia.
D)memory impairment.

Question 40

Research indicates that children with Williams syndrome develop language in a manner similar to that of typically developing children.

Question 41

Which chromosomal disorder is characterized by short stature,webbing of the neck,low-set ears,and broad chest?

A)Sotos syndrome
B)Down's syndrome
C)Williams syndrome
D)Turner's syndrome

Question 42

Which of the following is considered to be an executive function?

A)long-term memory
B)expressive language
C)inhibitory control
D)motor speed

Question 43

Which of the following is true?

A)The language skills of children with Williams syndrome are more advanced than would be predicted by their intelligence.
B)The language skills of children with Williams syndrome are comparable to their level of intelligence.
C)The language skills of children with Williams syndrome are significantly lower than would be predicted by their intelligence.
D)There is no relationship between the language skills of children with Williams syndrome and their level of intelligence.

Question 44

Children with Williams syndrome demonstrate:

A)low sociability.
B)strong interest in music.
C)low levels of anxiety and fear.
D)normal reduction of childhood fears with advancing age.

Question 45

Research with children who have experienced early brain injury reveals that receptive language deficits are often evident between 10 and 17 months of age and associated with damage to the:

A)left hemisphere.
B)parietal lobe.
C)right hemisphere.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 46

Children with FAS frequently exhibit:

A)widely spaced eyes.
B)bulbous nose.
C)overdeveloped length of eye lids.
D)overdeveloped upper lip.

Question 47

The intellectual functioning of children with TS is generally within the:

A)superior to high-average range.
B)low-average and borderline range.
C)high-average to average range.
D)low-average to average range.

Question 48

The atypical communication style termed "cocktail party syndrome" involves:

A)excessive verbiage lacking clarity,organization,and relevance.
B)agrammatical speech.
C)multiple levels of communication.
D)telegraphic speech.

Question 49

The feeding disturbances,vomiting,failure to thrive,and chronic abdominal pain often associated with Williams syndrome are a consequence of:

A)hypercalcemia.
B)supravalvar aortic stenosis.
C)hyperacusis.
D)none of these

Question 50

The prediction of functional outcomes for children following a brain injury is contingent upon which factor(s)?

A)age at which the lesion is incurred
B)accessibility of acute and long term services
C)type,severity,and status (static or progressive)of the lesion
D)all of these

Question 51

Recent fMRI studies of children with Williams syndrome performing visual tasks requiring ventral and dorsal processing revealed:

A)hypoactivation of the dorsal stream.
B)hyperactiviation of the dorsal stream.
C)comparable activation of the dorsal and ventral streams.
D)hypoactivation of the ventral stream.

Question 52

The term for an increased carrying angle at the elbow is:

A)cubitus valgus.
B)lissitus valgua.
C)calcade vigilitis.
D)quadrangle vissitude.

Question 53

Childhood brain injury can result in the emergence of deficits later in life,particularly as related to the:

A)regulation of memory retrieval.
B)regulation of socioemotional behavior.
C)development of language skills.
D)development of spatial skills.

Question 54

Hydrocephalus (HC)occurs during:

A)the preoperational period.
B)any developmental period.
C)the third trimester.
D)the prenatal period.

Question 55

Which of the following is associated with Williams syndrome?

A)high sensitivity to sound
B)cardiovascular anomalies
C)hypotonia and hypertonia
D)all of these

Question 56

Which congenital disorder is most frequently associated with HC?

A)anencephaly
B)spina bifida
C)autism
D)Turner's syndrome

Question 57

A procedure that utilizes sound waves to image the internal structures of the brain and has enabled medical personnel to identify HC in utero by measuring ventricular expansion is called:

A)electroencephalography.
B)ventricularography.
C)ultrasonography.
D)angiography.

Question 58

The neuropsychological profile associated with Williams syndrome includes:

A)relatively preserved intellectual and language abilities,visuoconstructive weaknesses,relative proficiency in music,and high levels of sociability.
B)intellectual impairment,relatively preserved language abilities,visuoconstructive weaknesses,excessive attention to faces,and high levels of sociability.
C)impaired intellectual and language abilities,visuoconstructive strengths,high levels of sociability,and minimal attention to faces.
D)preserved intellectual,language,and visuoconstructive abilities/skills.

Question 59

The syndrome characterized by "elfin" facial features is:

A)fetal alcohol syndrome.
B)Williams syndrome.
C)Turner's syndrome.
D)hydrocephalus.

Question 60

Which form of hydrocephalus (HC)is a consequence of the arachnoid villa being clogged by blood and cellular debris?

A)oversecretion of CSF
B)nonobstructive or communicating HC
C)obstructive or non-communicating HC
D)none of these

Question 61

Parents and teachers consider the primary difficulties of their children and students,respectively,with fetal alcohol syndrome to be in:

A)new learning and memory recall.
B)learning and sociability.
C)attention and sociability.
D)attention and language.