Deck 11: Anabolism the Use of Energy in Biosynthesis

Question 1

Large structures (e.g., ribosomes) form spontaneously from their macromolecular components by a process known as __________.

Answer 1

self-assembly

Question 2

Large numbers of small monomeric molecules join together to form large molecules that are known as:

A) multimers.
B) polymolecules.
C) macromolecules.
D) maximolecules.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Photoautotrophs are the only organisms that can incorporate (fix) carbon dioxide into biomolecules.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which of the following is a source of carbon skeletons that are used in the synthesis of amino acids?

A) Acetyl-CoA
B) TCA cycle intermediates
C) glycolysis intermediates
D) all of the choices

Question 5

Although most autotrophic microorganisms fix carbon dioxide using the Calvin-Benson cycle, this pathway is absent in the Archaea.

Question 6

Which pathway(s) are used by eukaryotic microorganisms to fix carbon dioxide?

A) Calvin cycle
B) reductive tricarboxylic pathway
C) Entner-Doudoroff
D) none of the choices

Question 7

In the synthesis of amino acids the addition of the amino nitrogen usually occurs __________ the synthesis of the carbon skeletons.

Question 8

Which of the following is true about the synthesis of macromolecules from monomeric subunits?

A) It saves genetic storage capacity.
B) It saves biosynthetic raw materials.
C) It saves energy.
D) all of the choices

Question 9

Microorganisms assimilate large amounts of all of the following except __________ into organic molecules.

A) nitrogen
B) phosphorus
C) sodium
D) sulfur

Question 10

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called

A) metabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) catabolism.
D) amphibolism.

Question 11

Different proteins have different amino acid __________.

Question 12

The use of compartmentation for the simultaneous but independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways occurs generally in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes.

Question 13

Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize some anabolic and catabolic pathways so that these pathways can be operate ______________ .

Question 14

Cells save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both __________ and __________.

Question 15

Assemblies of macromolecules are referred to as __________ complexes.

A) ultramolecular
B) supramolecular
C) metamolecular
D) maximolecular

Question 16

Nongrowing cells continuously degrade and resynthesize cellular molecules during a process known as cellular turnover.

Question 17

Many enzyme catalyzed reactions are freely reversible; however, some key steps require separate enzymes for the reverse step in order to provide for independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Question 18

There are __________ common amino acids used to synthesize proteins.

A) 20
B) 61
C) 64
D) 25

Question 19

Anabolic and catabolic pathways use different cofactors for similar reactions.

Question 20

The process of carbon dioxide fixation refers to

A) release of carbon dioxide during catabolic reactions.
B) reduction of carbon dioxide and incorporation into organic molecules that are assimilated.
C) release of carbon dioxide during anabolic reactions.
D) reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid.

Question 21

Photoautotrophs use light energy directly for

A) the production of ATP and NADPH.
B) the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.
C) both the production of ATP and NADPH and the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.
D) neither the production of ATP and NADPH nor the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.

Question 22

The reduction of sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration is called __________ sulfate reduction.

A) assimilatory
B) dissimilatory
C) amodulatory
D) demodulatory

Question 23

__________ is the carrier molecule required to transport peptidoglycan subunits to the location where they will be incorporated into the growing bacterial cell wall.

A) Bactoprenol
B) UDP glucose
C) Acyl carrier protein
D) Malonyl-CoA
Section 11.04

Question 24

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation can consume up to __________% of the ATP generated by the host plant.

A) 5
B) 20
C) 30
D) 50

Question 25

The major reductive amination pathway for incorporation of nitrogen into amino acids initially involves the production of __________ from alpha-ketoglutarate.

A) tryptophan.
B) cysteine.
C) arginine.
D) glutamate.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a phase of the Calvin Cycle?

A) carboxylation phase
B) oxidation phase
C) reduction phase
D) regeneration phase

Question 27

Most microorganisms assimilate nitrogen as

A) nitrite.
B) hydrazine.
C) nitrate.
D) N₂.

Question 28

Because peptidoglycan lies outside the plasma membrane, all steps in the complex synthesis process of this molecule takes place outside the cell.

Question 29

The series of enzymatic steps that fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrate is called the ______.

A) Pentose phosphate pathway
B) Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
C) Calvin cycle
D) Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Question 30

The reduction of sulfate for use in the production of compounds such as cysteine is called __________ sulfate reduction.

A) assimilatory
B) dissimilatory
C) amodulatory
D) demodulatory

Question 31

__________ reactions are used to replace TCA cycle intermediates that have been used to provide carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis.

A) Amphibolic
B) Anaplerotic
C) Anabolic
D) Catabolic

Question 32

In order to synthesize new peptidoglycan for bacterial cell walls, the existing walls must be partially digested by __________ to provide acceptor ends for the new synthesis.

A) lysozyme
B) autolysins
C) autozymogens
D) peptidoglycolysins

Question 33

Nitrogen fixation is used to form ATP, which is then used for energy reserves.

Question 34

Many microbes use pyruvate carboxylase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to

A) to synthesize amino acids.
B) to synthesize glucose.
C) to synthesize oxaloacetate.
D) to synthesize acetyl-CoA.

Question 35

The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is called

A) ammonification.
B) nitrification.
C) denitrification.
D) nitrogen fixation.
Section 11.05

Question 36

Which pathway(s) is used to fix carbon dioxide?

A) glycolysis
B) reductive tricarboxylic pathway
C) Entner-Doudoroff
D) pentose phosphate pathway

Question 37

In order to form a single molecule of glucose, it takes __________ turns through the reactions of the Calvin cycle.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 6
D) 12

Question 38

The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires __________ molecule(s) of ATP.

A) 6
B) 12
C) 18
D) 24

Question 39

The photosynthetic production of one molecule of glucose requires __________ molecule(s) of NADPH.

A) 6
B) 12
C) 18
D) 24
Section 11.03

Question 40

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors is called

A) glycolysis.
B) glutamine synthase.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) none of the choices

Question 41

Nitrogen fixation depends on the enzyme nitrogenase which is produced by some

A) Archaea.
B) bacteria.
C) eukaryotes.
D) bacteria and Archaea but no eukaryotes.
E) fungi and bacteria.

Question 42

Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing carbon-carbon ________bonds.

Question 43

A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, is called a

A) nucleotide.
B) nucleoside.
C) nitrogenous base.
D) nucleic acid.

Question 44

In the biosynthesis of nucleotides, pyrimidines are assembled starting with ribose-5-phosphate while ribose-5-phosphate is added after synthesis of the nitrogenous base for purines.

Question 45

Which of the following cofactors is very important in the synthesis of purines?

A) acetyl-CoA
B) cytidine diphosphate
C) folic acid
D) glutathione

Question 46

Bacteria can synthesize unsaturated fatty acids only under anaerobic conditions.

Question 47

Assimilation of organic phosphates from the surroundings uses enzymes known as

A) phosphorylases.
B) phosphatases.
C) phosphosynthetases.
D) phosphoisomerases.

Question 48

Purines and pyrimidines are precursors for synthesis of

A) fatty acids.
B) nucleic acids.
C) proteins.
D) peptidoglycan.

Question 49

A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, to which is attached one or more phosphate groups is called a:

A) nucleotide.
B) nucleoside.
C) nitrogenous base.
D) nucleic acid.

Question 50

Which of the following do(es) not contribute to the construction of membrane phospholipids?

A) glycolysis
B) fatty acid biosynthesis
C) amino acid biosynthesis
D) nucleotide biosynthesis

Question 51

Phosphorous is usually assimilated by microorganisms as

A) polyphosphate (volutin).
B) phosphene.
C) elemental phosphate (P^o).
D) phosphate.

Question 52

__________ are cyclic nitrogenous bases with two rings and pronounced aromatic properties.

A) Purines
B) Quinones
C) Amino acids
D) Fatty acids

Question 53

Which of the following is not generally true about fatty acids produced by microorganisms?

A) Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids.
B) Fatty acids have long alkyl chains.
C) Gram-positive bacteria often make cyclopropane fatty acids.
D) All of these are generally true about fatty acids.

Question 54

Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing __________ carbon-carbon double bond(s).

A) only one
B) exactly two
C) one or more
D) two or more