Deck 1: Psychology and the Challenges of Life

Question 1

Psychologists traditionally attempt to understand or explain behavior in terms of each of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) the workings of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems
B) the interaction of genetic and environmental influences
C) the roles of learning and motivation
D) the nature of personality and social interaction

Answer 1

the workings of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems

Question 2

The science of ______ is ideally suited to helping people meet the challenges of contemporary life, according to your text.

A) psychology
B) sociology
C) phrenology
D) biology

Answer 2

psychology

Question 3

The science that studies behavior and the mental processes is ______.

A) anthropology
B) sociology
C) neurology
D) psychology

Answer 3

psychology

Question 4

Coping behavior that permits people to meet the demands of the environment is called ______.

A) prosocial behavior
B) adjustment
C) proactive behavior
D) growth

Question 5

In a recent survey of the emotional health of college freshmen, women, on average, had a ______ view of their emotional health than men, and the gap had ______ in recent years.

A) healthier, widened
B) healthier, narrowed
C) poorer, narrowed
D) poorer, widened

Question 6

An eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating and a dramatic method for purging, such as vomiting, is ______.

A) anorexia nervosa
B) hypoglycemia
C) Korsakoff's syndrome
D) bulimia nervosa

Question 7

Processes by which people respond to environmental pressures and cope with stress are known as ______.

A) reactivity
B) growth
C) compensatory behavior
D) adjustment

Question 8

. Beth is torn between attending medical school to become a physician, which means leaving her fiancé, and maintaining a relationship with him and starting a family. She is experiencing ______.

A) a role conflict
B) a moral dilemma
C) the phi phenomenon
D) eustress

Question 9

Literally speaking, to ______ is to change so as to better conform to, or meet, the demands of one's environment.

A) grow
B) mature
C) adjust
D) obey

Question 10

Overall, about one in ______ college students today seek counseling for mental health problems, either before or during college.

A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) nine

Question 11

A recent national survey of college freshmen found that their emotional health was ______.

A) at the lowest levels yet recorded since the surveys began in 1985
B) at record high levels for men but record low levels for women
C) at record high levels for women but record low levels for men
D) at the highest levels yet recorded since the surveys began in 1985

Question 12

The causes of eating disorders in young women appear to be most closely related to ______.

A) low levels of education and poor academic performance in school
B) social pressures to adhere to unrealistic standards of thinness
C) the negative effects of poverty and discrimination
D) a significant increase in narcissistic personality disorder

Question 13

Most challenges offer us the opportunity to ______.

A) merely adjust
B) prove ourselves
C) grow
D) retrench

Question 14

. Dressing warmly, exercising, or turning up the thermostat when we are cold are examples of ______.

A) adjustment
B) reactivity
C) compensation
D) reflexive behavior

Question 15

Adjustment is essentially ______.

A) proactive
B) reactive
C) inactive
D) retroactive

Question 16

The causes of ______ are complex and not fully understood but appear to be related to social pressures on young women in our society to adhere to unrealistic standards of thinness.

A) personality disorders
B) eating disorders
C) reactive disorders
D) adjustment disorders

Question 17

Beth, John, Maria, Lisa, and David, discussed in your text, are each experiencing challenges to ______.

A) their careers
B) self-esteem
C) adjustment and growth
D) emotional stability

Question 18

The causes of eating disorders are ______.

A) simple and easily understood
B) complex but easily understood
C) simple but not easily understood
D) complex and not easily understood

Question 19

. Psychologists traditionally attempt to understand or explain behavior in terms of the workings of the ______ system, according to your text.

A) nervous
B) cardiovascular
C) muscular-skeletal
D) endocrine

Question 20

Holding down a job to keep the bill collector from our doors, studying hard to graduate from college, and making compromises in your own goals to further your relationships with others are all examples of ______.

A) interlocution
B) reciprocity
C) adjustment
D) growth

Question 21

Personal growth is ______.

A) proactive
B) reactive
C) inactive
D) retroactive

Question 22

People normally have ______ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 12
B) 23
C) 35
D) 46

Question 23

According to your text, when we expand ourselves, or when our lives seem filled with meaning, it is because ______.

A) we have adjusted
B) of chance occurrences
C) of personal growth
D) we have "arrived"

Question 24

. Adjustment is ______ and personal growth is ______.

A) reactive, reactive
B) reactive, proactive
C) proactive, reactive
D) proactive, proactive

Question 25

. A psychologist focuses primarily on healthful patterns of personal growth, including social and vocational development. She is using the ______.

A) person-environment fit approach
B) healthy-personality approach
C) organic approach
D) clinical approach

Question 26

______ are segments of DNA that give rise to our physical traits and biological structures and constitute the basic units of heredity.

A) Chromosomes
B) Genes
C) Molecules
D) Cells

Question 27

______ are strands of DNA that consist of genes.

A) Molecules
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosomes
D) Chromosomes

Question 28

. According to your text, people are ______.

A) neither actors nor reactors
B) actors, not reactors
C) reactors, not actors
D) both actors and reactors

Question 29

Genes are segments of ______.

A) nerve fibers
B) DNA
C) molecules
D) RNA

Question 30

It now appears that genetic factors are involved to some degree in ______ human traits and behaviors.

A) almost no
B) only a few
C) about half of
D) nearly all

Question 31

In psychology, the term nature refers to ______.

A) the effects of the environment on human development
B) the psychological processes of nonhuman animals
C) the natural laws that govern the universe
D) genetic influences on human development

Question 32

The basic unit of heredity is the ______.

A) chromosome
B) molecule
C) atom
D) gene

Question 33

Who we are is ______.

A) not affected by biology nor the environment
B) almost totally determined by genetic influences
C) almost totally determined by environmental influences
D) due to the interaction of genetic and environmental influences

Question 34

Which of the following is true of genetic factors and psychological adjustment?

A) Genetic factors have been shown to have little or no effect on psychological development and adjustment.
B) Genetic factors interact with environmental factors and psychological factors to influence behavior.
C) Genetic factors interact with prenatal conditions to influence neural development of the fetus, but cease affecting psychological adjustment and growth after birth.
D) Psychological development and adjustment are almost completely predetermined by genetic factors.

Question 35

A psychologist focuses mainly on ways in which psychology can help people correct personal problems and cope with stress. This psychologist is using the ______.

A) primary process
B) healthy-personality approach
C) organic approach
D) clinical approach

Question 36

Physical traits such as height, race, and eye color are genetically transmitted from generation to generation by ______.

A) endorphins
B) antigens
C) genes
D) leukocytes

Question 37

Your text, in exploring adjustment and growth, focuses ______.

A) on neither the clinical nor the healthy-personality approach
B) primarily on the clinical approach
C) primarily on the healthy-personality approach
D) on both the clinical and the healthy-personality approach

Question 38

The psychologist who founded the growing movement in psychology known as positive psychology, is ______.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Martin Seligman
C) Arnold Lazarus
D) L. Ron Hubbard

Question 39

. Personal growth is best described as ______.

A) a starting point
B) a way station
C) a journey
D) a final destination

Question 40

In psychology, the term nurture refers to ______.

A) the effects of the environment on human development
B) the effects of intimacy on human infants
C) the effects of changes in the physical environment
D) genetic influences on human development

Question 41

The healthy-personality approach to adjustment is embodied within a growing movement within psychology called ______ psychology.

A) esoteric
B) existential
C) psychoanalytic
D) positive

Question 42

The first college in the United States to accept women was ______.

A) Oberlin
B) Antioch
C) Radcliff
D) Bennington

Question 43

The earliest female pioneer in psychology was ______.

A) Margaret Mahler
B) Anna Freud
C) Karen Horney
D) Christine Ladd-Franklin

Question 44

The term gender refers to a ______ concept, and the term sex refers to a ______ concept.

A) biological, biological
B) psychosocial, biological
C) biological, psychosocial
D) psychosocial, psychosocial

Question 45

Women in Western cultures were generally considered unsuitable for education until ______.

A) the Middle Ages
B) the Renaissance
C) the Enlightenment
D) relatively modern times

Question 46

The state of being male or female is known as ______.

A) sexuality
B) sensuality
C) sexual orientation
D) gender

Question 47

The term ______ refers to the biological division between male and female, as when we describe the sexual organs that distinguish the reproductive anatomy of men and women.

A) gender
B) phylum
C) categorum
D) sex

Question 48

An approach to thinking characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments is called ______ thinking.

A) dialectical
B) emotional
C) introjective
D) critical

Question 49

The psychology of adjustment provides ______ approach to coping with the challenges of life.

A) a scientific
B) an intuitive
C) an unorthodox
D) a phenomenological

Question 50

______ focus mainly on the study of individual people.

A) Sociologists
B) Anthropologists
C) Psychologists
D) Ethnologists

Question 51

A renowned psychologist emphasizes the study of love, optimism, hope, helping behavior, and happiness, rather than psychological disorders, drug abuse, and antisocial behaviors. This psychologist is most likely a proponent of ______ psychology.

A) behavioral
B) positive
C) Gestalt
D) psychoanalytic

Question 52

Gender is ______.

A) neither a psychosocial nor a biological concept
B) biological concept, not a psychosocial concept
C) psychosocial concept, not a biological concept
D) both a psychosocial and a biological concept

Question 53

Today, about ______ of the undergraduate degrees and doctorates in psychology are granted to women.

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) four-fifths

Question 54

A growing movement in psychology that emphasizes our assets and virtues rather than our weaknesses and deficits is ______ psychology.

A) positive
B) clinical
C) psychoanalytic
D) Gestalt

Question 55

Groups of people who can be distinguished by characteristics such as their cultural heritage, common history, race, and language are called ______.

A) ethnic groups
B) subcultures
C) countercultures
D) races

Question 56

Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______.

A) in colonial times in America, women were not permitted to attend college
B) careers of women have been traditionally channeled into domestic chores, regardless of their talents, wishes, or abilities
C) even today, women in the United States are legally prevented from earning doctorates in many scientific fields
D) even today, women in many parts of the world are prevented from pursuing educational and training opportunities afforded to men

Question 57

Women were first allowed to attend college in the United States in ______.

A) 1833
B) 1863
C) 1893
D) 1923

Question 58

Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______.

A) gender is wrapped up with a complex web of cultural expectations and social roles about how we are expected to act as women or men
B) careers of women have been traditionally channeled into domestic chores, regardless of their talents, wishes, or abilities
C) even today, men earn most of the undergraduate degrees and doctorates in psychology
D) even today, women in many parts of the world are prevented from pursuing educational and training opportunities afforded to men

Question 59

Each of the following is a reason presented in your text for studying diversity EXCEPT ______.

A) experiences of various ethnic groups in the United States highlight the impact of social, political, and economic factors on human behavior and development
B) the ethnic makeup of the United States is rapidly changing
C) knowledge of such groups allows for better identification and control of dissident members of those groups
D) studying human diversity enables students to appreciate the cultural heritages and historical problems of various ethnic groups

Question 60

Today, ______ women are in the workforce and they are paid ______ men in comparable positions.

A) a large minority of, less than
B) a large minority of, as much as
C) most, less than
D) most, as much as

Question 61

Each of the following is a feature of critical thinking EXCEPT ______.

A) be cynical
B) don't overgeneralize
C) don't oversimplify
D) examine the definition of terms

Question 62

A method for obtaining scientific evidence in which a hypothesis is formed and tested is ______.

A) the intuitive method
B) objective introspection
C) the scientific method
D) the Socratic method

Question 63

Astrologers, palm-readers, and other "psychic" readers have made a fortune for years primarily on the basis of ______.

A) the Phi phenomenon
B) Weber's Law
C) the Stockholm syndrome
D) the Barnum effect

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic steps to the scientific method?

A) drawing on information from other belief systems
B) testing a hypothesis
C) formulating a research question
D) drawing conclusions from research results

Question 65

Researchers have found that astrological predictions are ______ to come true than predictions based on chance.

A) significantly more likely
B) somewhat more likely
C) no more likely
D) much less likely

Question 66

. Each of the following is a feature of critical thinking EXCEPT ______.

A) maintain a healthy skepticism
B) apply critical thinking to all areas of life
C) remain open-minded and accepting of others' ideas
D) be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence

Question 67

The tendency to believe a generalized but phony personality report is called ______.

A) the Phi phenomenon
B) Weber's Law
C) the Stockholm syndrome
D) the Barnum effect

Question 68

Anne takes nothing for granted. She examines definitions and terms and scrutinizes the logic with which arguments are developed. She is engaging in ______ thinking.

A) dialectical
B) emotional
C) introjective
D) critical

Question 69

The scientific method is ______.

A) a recipe that psychologists and other scientists follow
B) a collection of philosophical ideals about the nature of science
C) no more accurate than anecdotal evidence
D) a set of general principles that guides scientists' research

Question 70

Science differs from opinion, magic, religion, and other nonscientific belief systems in that it ______.

A) is not as commonly accepted or valid as opinion
B) requires that its followers have a formal education
C) must be supported by testable evidence
D) requires faith and belief in things that cannot always be tested or proven

Question 71

. Which of the following is the first of the basic steps to the scientific method?

A) drawing on information from other belief systems
B) testing a hypothesis
C) formulating a research question
D) drawing conclusions from research results

Question 72

. Each of the following is true of self-help books EXCEPT ______.

A) authors of these books must be able to back up their claims with evidence before they can get them published
B) bad books make extensive use of anecdotal evidence
C) there are few, if any quick fixes to psychological and health problems
D) be suspicious about authors who criticize professional groups and claim to be ahead of their time

Question 73

Psychology is a(n) ______.

A) art form
B) philosophical approach
C) pseudoscience
D) science

Question 74

Astrology, palmistry, and phrenology are all examples of ______.

A) protosciences
B) pseudosciences
C) philosophical methods
D) modern sciences

Question 75

Each of the following is true of critical thinking EXCEPT ______.

A) it means taking nothing for granted
B) it means expressing all your feelings
C) it refers to thoughtfully analyzing the statements and terms of other people
D) it is essential to your adjustment

Question 76

A method or system that claims to have a scientific basis but does not, is a ______.

A) protoscience
B) pseudoscience
C) philosophical method
D) modern science

Question 77

. Scientific research has found ______.

A) no basis for beliefs that one's personality is related to one's birth sign
B) small but consistent correlations between one's personality and one's birth sign
C) moderate but inconsistent correlations between one's personality and one's birth sign
D) large and consistent correlations between one's personality and one's birth sign

Question 78

______ is based on the notion that the positions of the sun, the moon, and the stars affect human temperament and human affairs.

A) Astronomy
B) Relativity
C) Astrology
D) Astrophysics

Question 79

Each of the following is true of self-help books EXCEPT ______.

A) authors can make extravagant claims with little fear of punishment
B) good books make extensive use of anecdotal evidence
C) legitimate research is reported in professional journals
D) you should be suspicious if the author's title is just "Dr." and it is placed before the name

Question 80

An organized means of expanding and refining knowledge, consisting of a group of principles that generally guide scientists' research endeavors, is known as ______.

A) a theory
B) the scientific method
C) a hypothesis
D) a cognitive schema