Deck 6: Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance

Question 1

Each of us socially types others on the basis of physical appearance, and each of us is socially typed on the basis of our own physical appearance.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Physical appearance is an auxiliary status that has master traits associated with it.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Most undergraduates have piercings, but only a minority have tattoos.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Women experience declines in self-esteem, and increases in depression after seeing images of the female characters in the TV show Friends.

Question 5

One of the reasons why physical appearance is important to us is because people judge us on that basis.

Question 6

Weight loss is an example of a redesigning body project.

Question 7

Among adolescents, although body modification is often an expression of protest against parents or the parental generation, having body art that they know their parents would disapprove of still has an impact on perceptions of self.

Question 8

Among 12-18 year olds, tattoos and piercings are more prevalent among females than among males.

Question 9

Newman and colleagues (2005) found that people perceive physicians with facial piercings as less competent and less trustworthy.

Question 10

Although voluntary aspects of physical appearance are frequently subject to social typing as "deviant", involuntary aspects of physical appearance are rarely, if ever, subject to social typing as "deviant".

Question 11

Some women use tattooing in the development of an established femininity, but others use it in the development of a resistant femininity.

Question 12

Controlling for grades and family income, overweight youth tend to receive less financial support for college from their parents than normal-weight youth do.

Question 13

Overweight characters on children's TV channels (e.g., Discovery Kids) are portrayed in negative ways, such as lonely, unattractive, and lacking in friends.

Question 14

When comparing 16-30 year olds with and without tattoos on various psychological measures, the only difference was that those with tattoos had lower self-esteem.

Question 15

When cultures that value plumpness become exposed to American media influences, people's perceptions of the "ideal" body size tend to become even plumper in order to prevent the Americanization of their indigenous cultures.

Question 16

When looking at 16-30 year olds with piercings, age at first piercing was associated with greater psychopathy, in that those who received their first piercing in early adolescence scored higher on this psychological measure.

Question 17

The medical control of "too fat" is based on health issues rather than appearance issues.

Question 18

Although anorexia is increasing among males, muscle dysmorphia is more common.

Question 19

Physical appearance is a master status that has auxiliary traits associated with it.

Question 20

Within the Straightedge subculture, a tattoo that reads "100% pure" is a symbol of pacification.

Question 21

Family members of people who are eventually diagnosed with anorexia perceived them as "too thin" when they reached approximately 5% below a healthy weight.

Question 22

In Nazi Germany, people with visible physical disabilities were targets for genocidal efforts, in part, because they were perceived as a drain on society. This is an example of

A) the roles played by master statuses and auxiliary traits in the social typing process.
B) the social typing of voluntary aspects of physical appearance.
C) positivist social control theories (e.g. Hirschi).
D) strain theories (e.g. Merton).
E) reintegrative shaming.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true of body modification among 12-18 year olds?

A) females are more likely to have piercings, but males are more likely to have tattoos
B) males are more likely to have piercings, but females are more likely to have tattoos
C) females are more likely than males to have piercings or tattoos
D) males are more likely than females to have piercings or tattoos
E) there are no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of tattoos/piercings when comparing males and females

Question 24

Almost all Playboy centerfolds are underweight according to health standards, and approximately 30% of them meet the weight criteria for anorexia.

Question 25

"Ana" websites are a form of resistance to the social typing of "too fat".

Question 26

What is the basis for scientific definitions of the "ideal" body weight?

A) statistical rarity
B) harm
C) normative violation
D) negative societal reaction
E) scientific normativity

Question 27

Women who are hyper-muscular (i.e., competitive bodybuilders) are perceived as being less likely to be good mothers.

Question 28

Which of the following activities are youth with tattoos more likely to engage in than youth without tattoos?

A) binge drinking
B) smoking
C) sexual activity
D) failing in school
E) youth with tattoos are more likely to engage in a variety of high risk activities, including binge drinking, smoking, sexual activity, and failing in school

Question 29

During what era did tattooing become a means of symbolizing masculinity and brotherhood in working-class communities?

A) Middle Ages
B) late 18th and early 19th centuries
C) the turn of the 20th century
D) 1950s
E) 1980s

Question 30

Negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in the following populations:

A) women without tattoos, if the tattoo is large
B) women with tattoos, if the tattoo is highly visible
C) men without tattoos, if the tattoo is small
D) men with tattoos, if the tattoo highly visible
E) negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in all of populations described above

Question 31

Considerable "thinness" is required before someone is socially typed as "too thin", compared to the degree of "fatness" that is required before someone is socially typed as "too fat".

Question 32

In a popular survey of men and women, a "skinny" female body (as illustrated by a runway model) was rated as more attractive than a "muscular" female body (as illustrated by Ms. Fitness America).

Question 33

Which of the following types of body projects (Shilling, 1993) is exemplified by the use of makeup?

A) redesigning
B) extending
C) camouflaging
D) adapting
E) enhancing

Question 34

Which of the following statements about people's perceptions of physicians with facial piercings is true?

A) people perceive physicians with facial piercings as less competent and less trustworthy
B) people who have engaged in body modification themselves are more likely to disapprove of physicians with facial piercings than are people without body modifications
C) although half of people disapprove of physicians with facial piercings, more than 75% say it would not personally bother them to have such a physician
D) disapproval rates are higher for lip piercings than for nose piercings
E) the presence of facial piercings does not affect people's perceptions of physicians' competency or trustworthiness

Question 35

How are women with tattoos, when compared to women without tattoos, perceived?

A) less promiscuous; more attractive; heavier drinkers
B) less promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers
C) less promiscuous; less attractive, lighter drinkers
D) more promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers
E) more promiscuous; more attractive; heavier drinkers

Question 36

According to the standards of the World Health Organization, a person with a BMI of 18. 4 is considered to be

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) underweight.
D) acceptable.
E) anorexic.

Question 37

Within the Straightedge subculture, tattoos

A) reflect their ideology.
B) express specific messages.
C) draw attention to their messages because of the historical association of tattooing with various groups of rebels and protesters.
D) demonstrate that they have control over their bodies, because they have endured the physical pain of tattooing.
E) tattoos serve a variety of functions, including all of those listed above.

Question 38

According to Shilling (1993), teenagers who tattoo their bodies are engaged in

A) camouflaging.
B) extending.
C) adapting.
D) redesigning.
E) enhancing.

Question 39

Within the Straightedge subculture, a tattoo that reads "nation of zombies" is a

A) symbol of lifestyle declaration.
B) symbol of indictment.
C) symbol of pacification.
D) symbol of critique.
E) symbol of belief.

Question 40

In Hawkes, Senn, and Thorn's (2004) study on people's perceptions of women with tattoos, of which of the following types of tattoos did women with tattoos themselves disapprove?

A) large tattoos
B) small tattoos
C) tattoos having "masculine" imagery
D) highly visible tattoos
E) tattoos having imagery that is "too girly"

Question 41

In the time period from 1950 and 2000,

A) Playboy centerfolds became thinner until 1980, but then became larger again.
B) the gap between the body size of media women and the body size of average women in society decreased.
C) a larger proportion of men in various forms of media became overweight.
D) the proportion of "thin" female characters on television declined from 70% to 47%.
E) male centerfolds became thinner.

Question 42

In an effort to prevent eating disorders, society must alter its obsession with body
Ideals, and instead adopt a program of building self-esteem and self-efficacy. This is a part of

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) primary treatment.
D) secondary treatment.
E) remedial programming.

Question 43

How does the "ideal" female body compare to the "ideal" male body, based on social standards?

A) the "ideal" male body is thinner than the "ideal" female body
B) a wider range of body sizes is seen as acceptable for women than for men
C) body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for women than for men
D) the thin "ideal" for women is more common in preindustrial societies where food is scarce
E) body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for men than for women

Question 44

According to current research, why do people become overweight?

A) they consume more calories than they expend
B) unhealthy food saturates our culture
C) because of an inability to deal with negative emotions in a positive way
D) the formation of bad habits
E) all of the above are explanations of why people become overweight

Question 45

What are the common perceptions of the "ideal" body?

A) college students say men and women would look more attractive if they had the body size of models in advertising
B) college students say the media images portray a body size that is not necessarily good for one's health
C) the majority of female children want to look like a female on television
D) the majority of female children say that women on television are much thinner than women in the "real world"
E) even thought some of the statements above appear to contradict each other, they do all reflect common perceptions of the "ideal" body

Question 46

What proportion of Canadians is "underweight" based on scientific standards?

A) 2%
B) 12%
C) 24%
D) 38%
E) 49%

Question 47

In an analysis of male images in GQ, Rolling Stone, and Sports Illustrated magazines from 1967-1997, which images became more prevalent during that time?

A) "very muscular" images
B) "somewhat muscular" images
C) "not muscular" images
D) "overweight" images
E) "underweight" images

Question 48

Which of the following theories of anorexia emphasizes social learning/modelling?

A) endocrinological theories
B) sociocultural theories
C) ego-psychological theories
D) family systems theories
E) maternal-influence theories

Question 49

Identifying young women and men who may be in the early stages of an eating disorder is part of

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) primary treatment.
D) secondary treatment.
E) remedial programming.

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of resistance to the social typing of "too thin"?

A) websites that tell girls how to prevent others from noticing their extreme weight loss
B) a magazine article that discusses the dangers of weight loss surgery
C) developing a clothing line for obese women
D) Health Canada's "Active Living" program
E) all of the above are examples of resistance to the social typing of "too thin"

Question 51

Which of the following theories of anorexia emphasizes impaired functioning due to the nature of the mother-child relationship?

A) endocrinological theories
B) sociocultural theories
C) ego-psychological theories
D) family systems theories
E) maternal-influence theories

Question 52

Which of the following statements about the relationship between body size and work is true?

A) the sex of job applicants accounts for more of the variance in hiring than body weight does
B) mildly obese men have higher incomes than normal weight men
C) there are no significant differences in the average income of normal weight women compared to mildly obese women, but extremely obese women earn significantly less
D) overweight job applicants are less likely to be hired than normal weight applicants are, but this is primarily due to differences in education level
E) potential employees who are overweight are perceived more positively than those who are ex-cons

Question 53

Jenna is about to graduate from college. Based on scientific standards, she has been "overweight" most of her life, but she has never actually perceived herself as "fat". Which of the following situations is the most likely to contribute to the formation of a "fat" identity?

A) as Jenna is walking down the street one day, she sees her reflection in a store window, and is surprised at how much weight she has gained
B) Jenna sees a magazine ad for a new weight loss pill that promises "no negative side effects"
C) a coworker says to Jenna, "You would be so pretty if you lost 20 pounds"
D) Jenna steps on a scale and sees that she has gained 10 more pounds
E) a new gym opens across the street from her office, and she continually sees thin, fit women going inside

Question 54

Which of the following theories has been applied to the development of an "anorexic" identity?

A) social learning theory
B) strain theory
C) subcultural theory
D) labelling theory
E) social bonds theory

Question 55

In Canada,

A) 75% of adults are overweight.
B) 2% of adults are obese.
C) 63% of children are overweight.
D) 8% of children are obese.
E) 22% of adults are underweight.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of resistance to the social typing of "too fat"?

A) Jay Leno making jokes about a very thin actress
B) activism efforts of the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance
C) magazine article pointing out the dangers of "wacky weight loss products"
D) creating a fashion magazine for overweight women
E) all of the above are examples of resistance to the social typing of "too fat"

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of the social control of "too fat"?

A) medical clinics that perform liposuction
B) tax deductions for children's sports activities
C) the Anishinaabe Mino-Ayaawin program to build more recreational facilities within the community
D) television commercials for gym memberships
E) all of the above are examples of controlling "too fat"

Question 58

In interviews with female aerobic exercisers and instructors, which body type was rated as the most attractive?

A) "skinny" (e.g., runway models)
B) "hyper-muscular" (e.g., competitive bodybuilders)
C) "lean, toned, and curvy" (e.g., Victoria's Secret lingerie models)
D) "toned athlete" (e.g., professional volleyball players)
E) "average" (e.g., averageAmerican females with a height of 5'4", and a weight of 140 pounds)

Question 59

Who has been found to negatively stereotype people who are overweight and/or obese?

A) children
B) teachers
C) health professionals who specialize in treating obesity
D) the general population
E) children, teachers, health professionals who specialize in treating obesity, and the general population have all been found to negatively stereotype people who are overweight and/or obese

Question 60

How are overweight/underweight people perceived in society?

A) surveys of schoolteachers reveal that approximately one-quarter say being underweight is the "worst thing that can happen" to someone
B) surveys of nurses reveal that approximately one-quarter are "repulsed" by obese people
C) surveys of children reveal that most would rather be "fat" than get cancer
D) overweight children are rated as being more suitable as friends than physically disabled children are
E) all of the statements listed above reflect perceptions of overweight/underweight people

Question 61

Apply the following concepts to a discussion of body modification: front stage self; back stage self; impression management.

Question 62

List and describe the four different types of theories used to explain the development of anorexia.

Question 63

List, describe, and give examples of the four different types of tattoo designs within the Straightedge subculture.

Question 64

Considering the various factors that influence the social typing of body size, as well as the wide-ranging consequences of such social typing, develop a plan to improve the self-image of adolescents in Canadian society. What would you do to achieve this goal, and why?

Question 65

Describe how hyper-muscular women are perceived, and explain why some women may choose to become hyper-muscular.

Question 66

Explain how aesthetic motivations and social identity contribute to an individual's
decision to tattoo their body.

Question 67

Discuss the media's role in the social control of "too fat", as well as its role in the social control of "too thin". In your opinion, is the media engaged in the regulation of one more than the other? Why?

Question 68

Discuss the various ways in which gender interacts with physical appearance, considering both body modification and perceptions of the "ideal" body size/shape.

Question 69

Discuss how "too fat" is socially controlled in the following ways: (a) at the level of everyday social interaction; (b) through medicalization; (c) commercialization; and (d) at the level of governments.

Question 70

During the 1999-2000 TV season, approximately % of female television characters were overweight or obese, compared to % of "real" American women.

A) 40; 60
B) 13; 58
C) 46; 21
D) 23; 36
E) 60; 40

Question 71

Contrast the "ideal" body according to social standards with the "ideal" body according to medical standards. In your answer, be sure to identify the basis for determining "ideal" within these standards.

Question 72

List, describe, and give examples of the four different types of body projects proposed by Shilling (1993).