Deck 9: Scientific Belief Systems

Question 1

Industry-sponsored research is more likely to report positive findings in clinical drug trials than is publicly-funded research.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

European colonization of countries throughout much of the world was justified on the basis of both religion and science.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In practice, the Alberta Eugenics Board attached the label of "mental defective" to people with low IQs, people who had "immoral" lifestyles, immigrants who were unable to speak English, and even young women who were gang-raped.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC), an organization that teaches people the difference between junk science and sound science, was created and funded by a tobacco company.

Question 5

Scientific misconduct occurs more frequently in biomedical fields.

Question 6

Even "objective" science is intertwined with ethical and moral claims.

Question 7

A deviant science exists when forging, cooking, or trimming occur.

Question 8

The horrors of Nazi Germany led the Canadian federal government and provincial governments to immediately halt their eugenics programs.

Question 9

Once Leilani Muir won her lawsuit for wrongful sterilization against the Alberta government, the government developed a larger plan for giving restitution to other victims of wrongful sterilization.

Question 10

Although radio astronomy is now considered a real science, it used to be considered a deviant science.

Question 11

Historically and today, scientists are able to support their claims to evolutionary differences among the races using real science.

Question 12

Believers in astrology tend to be non-mainstream individuals with lower-than-average levels of education.

Question 13

Population prevention approaches are effective at controlling both university binge drinking and scientific misconduct.

Question 14

A survey of more than 2,000 researchers revealed that more than one-third of incidents of scientific misconduct of which they were personally aware were never reported to anyone.

Question 15

Unlike religious belief systems, scientific belief systems proclaim "truths".

Question 16

Research on the prevalence of scientific misconduct concludes that it is relatively rare.

Question 17

The conservative nature of the scientific community contributes to those instances where real sciences are initially perceived as deviant sciences.

Question 18

According to Barrett and Jay (2005), most scientists whose scientific misconduct has been detected have been engaging in misconduct for 5-10 years prior to being caught.

Question 19

Within the normative structure of science (Merton, 1973), the norm of disinterestedness means that scientific work is done in the name of "truth."

Question 20

In contemporary society, the medicalization of "too fat" and "too thin" is an example of science acting as a social typer of deviance.

Question 21

Which of the following has been applied in explanations of scientific misconduct?

A) techniques of neutralization
B) denial of injury
C) strain theory
D) general theory of crime
E) a variety of positivist theories, including those referred to above, have been applied to explanations of scientific misconduct

Question 22

Ethicists have proposed that the science of genetics is simply the 21st-century version of eugenics.

Question 23

The ability to treat genetic problems lags significantly behind the ability to diagnose genetic problems, but this gap is likely to decrease rapidly in the future.

Question 24

In 2003, a neurologist was reprimanded for making up data about the effectiveness of a particular drug in the treatment of diabetes; the drug's manufacturer had promised the neurologist 0.5% of the profits from the drug if it became marketable. What form of deviance in science has this neurologist engaged in?

A) cooking
B) trimming
C) forging
D) a hoax
E) an honest mistake

Question 25

Dr. Smith is conducting a study on the effects of marijuana use on violence. Dr. Smith thinks that marijuana use will increase violence among users, however at the completion of her study she finds that her data is inconsistent. Some of the results support her assumptions, but other results contradict her assumptions. Dr. Smith needs to get one more publication on her curriculum vitae in order to be promoted to Full Professor, so she writes a report that only includes the data that supports her assumptions. Which of the forms of deviance in science has Dr. Smith engaged in?

A) trimming
B) cooking
C) forging
D) a hoax
E) fraudulent science

Question 26

"Science" consists of

A) belief systems.
B) technologies.
C) claims about the nature of reality.
D) ethical/moral claims.
E) belief systems, technologies, claims about the nature of reality, and ethical/moral claims.

Question 27

Scientists involved in genetics have refused to participate in the processes to create policies and guidelines for ethics in genetic science.

Question 28

According to bad apple theory, deviance in science exists because

A) the structure within which scientists work encourages deviance.
B) techniques of neutralization enable deviant scientists to justify their behaviour.
C) of low levels of self-control.
D) of a gap between accepted goals and legitimate means of achieving those goals.
E) of similar reasons that people commit crimes-personality factors, psychological disturbance, and free choice.

Question 29

In a survey of more than 2,000 researchers, what proportion of incidents of scientific misconduct of which they were personally aware, had been reported to someone?

A) approximately 90%
B) approximately 66%
C) approximately 50%
D) approximately 33%
E) approximately 10%

Question 30

The most profitable way for corporations to recoup the costs of the Human Genome Project is to support research into finding cures for genetic diseases.

Question 31

Taking several pieces of fossil evidence and putting them together as evidence of a new species is

A) cooking.
B) trimming.
C) forging.
D) a hoax.
E) an honest mistake.

Question 32

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has prohibited human cloning in member nations.

Question 33

People with little or no scientific background who make scientific claims, or people who use their scientific credentials alone to convince others of the validity of their claims, are engaging in

A) deviant science.
B) junk science.
C) cooking.
D) trimming.
E) forging.

Question 34

Which of the following has characterized the scientific claims made by the tobacco industry?

A) junk science
B) pathological science
C) trimming
D) cooking
E) the tobacco industry has been accused of junk science, pathological science, trimming, and cooking

Question 35

The scientific misconduct of Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk reflects

A) bad apple theory.
B) iceberg theory.
C) post-academic science.
D) junk science.
E) the scientific norm that Merton called communism.

Question 36

All scientific disciplines are governed by ethics which control

A) how research is done.
B) the protection of research participants.
C) issues of harassment and exploitation.
D) maintaining positive relationships with academic peers and students.
E) multiple aspects of science, including all of the facets listed above.

Question 37

Although the Human Genome Project initially involved private industry as a source of funding, recent international laws prohibit the involvement of commercial industry in the Project.

Question 38

Deviance in science

A) typically results in severe sanctions.
B) occurs, in part, because of the pressure to publish, according to the iceberg theory.
C) is likely to be detected, because of the nature of the peer review process.
D) has declined since 1980, according to recent research.
E) is extremely rare, due to the normative structure of science.

Question 39

Although some individual governments (e.g., Britain) have created legislation and policy to formally control the science of genetics, international coalitions of governments have failed to deal with this issue.

Question 40

The ability to treat genetic problems lags significantly behind the ability to diagnose genetic problems, and this gap is likely to grow even larger in the future.

Question 41

The theory underlying the science of eugenics was known as

A) iceberg theory.
B) power-reflexive theory.
C) social Darwinism.
D) colonization theory.
E) bio-social theory.

Question 42

The phenomenon by which clinical drug research is done by commercial centres hired by pharmaceutical companies is know as

A) the normative structure of science.
B) junk science.
C) cooking.
D) post-academic science.
E) pseudo-science.

Question 43

Social Darwinism and the science of eugenics contributed to

A) involuntary sterilization programs.
B) laws prohibiting interracial marriage.
C) the content of immigration policies.
D) the Holocaust.
E) a wide range of significant historical events, including all of those listed above.

Question 44

In contemporary Canadian society, is the primary creator of society's dominant moral code, by which "deviance" and "normality" are judged.

A) religion
B) individual belief
C) science
D) public opinion
E) government

Question 45

Which of the following is an illustration of science acting as a social typer of deviance?

A) doctors providing liposuction to people who want to improve their physical appearance
B) the temperance movement
C) efforts to "toughen" young offender legislation
D) the use of the notion of "consent" in date rape trials
E) doctors providing liposuction to people who want to improve their physical appearance, and the use of the notion of "consent" in date rape trials

Question 46

According to Foucault (1980), a relationship exists between knowledge claims, power, and

A) the resulting influence that those knowledge claims have on society.
B) the resistance of people to the exertion of that power.
C) deviance in science.
D) deviant science.
E) fraudulent science.

Question 47

Which of the following positions involved in contemporary debates over genetics is based upon religious belief systems?

A) the position that claims the science of genetics should be given complete freedom, without any limits
B) the position that claims because of the dangers of genetics, scientists should select only a handful of areas to pursue
C) the position that claims genetic scientists need the freedom to advance, but should do so cautiously and slowly
D) the position that claims the Human Genome Project should be abandoned
E) the position that claims the science of genetics should be given complete freedom, but the commercial implementation of that science should be strictly controlled by governments

Question 48

According to Shermer's (2001) deviant science/real science continuum, which of the following is considered to fall at the extreme end of real science?

A) astrology
B) biochemistry
C) astronomy
D) evolution
E) human cloning

Question 49

What are the potential consequences of the Human Genome Project, according to scientists working within it?

A) prevent and cure illness
B) increase longevity
C) increase intelligence
D) solve social problems, such as homelessness
E) prevent/cure illness, increase longevity, increase intelligence, and solve social problems

Question 50

Social Darwinism rationalized European colonization of countries throughout much of the world on the basis of the

A) assumption that the more "evolved" European societies could help more "primitive" societies reach the next stage of social evolution more rapidly.
B) assumption that the role of inferior races in the world was to serve superior races.
C) assumption that European cultures could learn a great deal from other cultures.
D) assumption that the next stage of social evolution required the cooperation of and integration among the world's peoples.
E) assumption that the "powerful" have the inherent right to control the "powerless".

Question 51

Within which countries were eugenic ideals pursued by governments?

A) Nazi Germany
B) Britain
C) Canada
D) the United States
E) Nazi Germany, Britain, Canada, and the United States

Question 52

Which of the following accurately describes the chronological order of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, from oldest to most recent?

A) promoting research integrity; coercive measures; science as self-regulating
B) coercive measures; promoting research integrity; science as self-regulating
C) science as self-regulating; promoting research integrity; coercive measures
D) science as self-regulating; coercive measures; promoting research integrity
E) coercive measures; science as self-regulating; promoting research integrity

Question 53

What was the central goal of the eugenics movement?

A) to distance scientific pursuits from religious ideologies
B) to increase reproduction among society's "superior" persons and decrease reproduction among society's "inferior" persons
C) to provide social assistance to society's indigent
D) to reduce birth rates in society as a whole
E) to increase birth rates in society as a whole

Question 54

According to Montgomery and Oliver's (2009) analysis of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, what was the governing logic prior to 1975?

A) coercive measures to punish
B) coercive measures to prevent
C) promoting research integrity
D) educational seminars for university researchers
E) science as self-regulating

Question 55

When a science's belief system and/or technologies are significantly called into question as a whole, exists.

A) a deviant science
B) deviance in science
C) trimming
D) cooking
E) forging

Question 56

Some scientific research has found a relationship between astrological sign and

A) likelihood of a scientist winning Nobel prize.
B) extroversion.
C) introversion.
D) criminal behaviour.
E) none of the above.

Question 57

In an analysis of 70 clinical studies done on a particular class of cardiac drugs, approximately % of industry-sponsored research reported positive findings, while % of publicly-funded research reported positive findings.

A) 98; 2
B) 31; 31
C) 58; 42
D) 96; 37
E) 37; 96

Question 58

In a survey of 3,200 medical researchers, approximately what proportion admitted to engaging in at least 1 of 10 "serious" forms of scientific misconduct?

A) less than 1%
B) 10%
C) 30%
D) 50%
E) 80%

Question 59

Dr. Hwang Woo Suk claimed he had no idea that the data he was using for his work was fraudulent data. This is an example of

A) denial of injury.
B) strain theory.
C) general theory of crime.
D) denial of responsibility.
E) innovation.

Question 60

Which of the following statement about the benefits and dangers of genetic testing is true?

A) even critics of the science of genetics agree that genetic science probably will be able to significantly alter the prevalence of disease and disability in society, in the long term
B) in a survey of people who had undergone genetic testing, more than 70% were subsequently denied life insurance coverage
C) all too often, genetic counsellors provide only the negative information (e.g. the possible negative outcomes) about the genetic condition in question when pregnant women are tested for genetic defects in their fetuses
D) all too often, genetic counsellors provide only the positive information (e.g. support groups; community resources) when pregnant women are tested for genetic defects in their fetuses
E) recent legislation prohibiting commercial involvement in the science of genetics has reduced the possibility of potential misuse of the science

Question 61

Give an example of four of the deviant behaviours as outlined by the scientific
community.

Question 62

List and describe the four different positions in the debate over the science of genetics.

Question 63

Describe how the institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct have changed over time, and explain the events and/or assumptions that underlie each of the logics.

Question 64

Distinguish between the bad apple theory and iceberg theory explanations of "deviance in science".

Question 65

Describe the role of corporatization in scientific misconduct.

Question 66

Explain how the notion of power is related to concerns about the potential dangers of the science of genetics.

Question 67

List the five components of the population prevention approach to controlling scientific misconduct.

Question 68

Explain why concerns about science as a social typer of deviance have emerged, and describe two historical and two contemporary examples that illustrate these concerns.

Question 69

Describe what social Darwinism is, and explain how it is related to the social typing of deviance.

Question 70

Explain why the claim that homelessness can be solved by the science of genetics has been criticized for being "ignorant and uninformed".

Question 71

Describe the normative structure of science, according to Merton (1973), and explain the relationship between that structure and scientific misconduct.