Deck 9: Language and Thinking

Question 1

Michael goes to a French immersion school because his parents want him to be proficient in French.According to the recent research,Michael

A) probably demonstrates greater cognitive flexibility than monolingual peers.
B) is disadvantaged because he has to learn two sets of grammar and vocabulary.
C) more than likely performs below average on standardized intelligence tests.
D) may outperform monolingual students in reading.
E) shows greater cognitive flexibility and better reading skills compared to monolingual students.

Answer 1

shows greater cognitive flexibility and better reading skills compared to monolingual students.

Question 2

Inductive reasoning is to _____ as deductive reasoning is to _____.

A) top-down processing;bottom-up processing
B) bottom-up processing;top-down processing
C) propositions;concepts
D) framing;belief bias
E) heuristics;algorithm

Answer 2

bottom-up processing;top-down processing

Question 3

Professor Krizan is studying the remote people in the interior of New Zealand.She claims that there is a strong relation between their language and their way of thinking.In fact,she claims that language determines how they think.Her observations are most consistent with

A) the idea of heuristics.
B) mental set.
C) linguistic relativity hypothesis.
D) means-ends analysis.
E) functional fixedness.

Answer 3

linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Question 4

Sam is a grad student who often goes out for a drink with his friends on the weekend.He has begun to notice on these outings that as the night wears on and his friends have consumed more and more alcohol,their coordination becomes increasingly impaired.Based on these observations,Sam proposes that alcohol causes impaired coordination.As such,Sam is engaging in:

A) deductive reasoning
B) means-ends analysis
C) an algorithm
D) inductive reasoning
E) top-down reasoning

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic property of language?

A) language has a grammar
B) displacement
C) generativity
D) relativity
E) semantics

Question 6

When trying to reason logically,the tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs is referred to as:

A) the logical fallacy
B) heuristic bias
C) the justification effect
D) belief bias
E) counter-attitudinal deduction

Question 7

In English,are there more 4-letter words starting with the letter "k" or with "k" as the third letter? Most people answer that there are more words starting with "k",but in fact,there are many more with "k" as the third letter (make,bake,take,etc. ).One reason that people choose starting with "k" is likely

A) confirmation bias.
B) displacement.
C) structure.
D) symbolism.
E) semantics.

Question 8

A headline in a newspaper reads "Suicide more common than thought".This is an example of a sentence that

A) has incorrect surface structure.
B) has two different deep structures.
C) has too many phonemes.
D) does not adhere to the displacement aspect of language.
E) is not generative.

Question 9

Men often show more severe aphasic responses than women to a stroke in the left hemisphere.Why might this be the case?

A) men damage their cortex more severely
B) in men,language is lateralized to the right hemisphere
C) language in women may be more bilaterally represented
D) women do not suffer from aphasia
E) there is no Broca's area in women

Question 10

Kanzi,the bonobo chimp,has been shown to communicate using complex symbols.However,the evidence for language development in apes related to ____________ is more controversial.

A) concepts and propositions
B) morphemes and phonemes
C) displacement and generativity
D) surface structure and deep structure
E) inductive and deductive information

Question 11

Let's say that you are looking at the following image: o.If you were asked to draw the image and your drawing was this: C,we might expect:

A) visual neglect
B) damage to the left hemisphere
C) damage to the right hemisphere
D) a mental rotation issue based on uncertainty
E) damage to the left hemisphere leading to visual neglect

Question 12

Jane gets a phone call from someone she was just thinking about.She concludes that whenever she thinks of someone they will call.However,she is making a mistake because she is not remembering how often she DID NOT get a call when thinking about a person.This is an example of

A) uncertainty.
B) representativeness heuristic.
C) a problem-solving schema.
D) a failure to frame the problem.
E) confirmation bias.

Question 13

Professor Jones and Professor Smith are having a discussion on whether or not apes are capable of language.Professor Jones argues that they do not,while Smith says that they do.To make the strongest argument,Smith would probably refer to the research on

A) generativity.
B) displacement.
C) relativity.
D) bilingualism.
E) semantics (conveys meaning).

Question 14

After the cooing stage comes the __________ stage.At this point,children ________.

A) sensitive;learn language easily
B) babbling;have vocalizations from the entire range of phonemes found in the world's languages
C) motherese;only understand high-pitched intonations
D) babbling;have vocalizations more similar to their native language
E) telegraphic;progress from crying to babbling

Question 15

Professor Jones and Professor Smith are having a discussion on whether or not apes are capable of language.Professor Jones argues that they do not,while Smith says that they do.To make the strongest argument,Jones would probably refer to the research on

A) grammar.
B) displacement.
C) structure.
D) symbolism.
E) semantics.

Question 16

If you supported a strong genetic basis for language acquisition,you would most likely believe that humans have a

A) LASS.
B) LAD.
C) temporal gyrus.
D) linguistic relativity device.
E) pragmatic processor.

Question 17

A young child enters a store by pushing a door open.Every time they come to a door after that,the child pushes the door expecting it to open,even though many doors only open by pulling.This is an example of:

A) a mental set
B) an algorithm
C) distraction by irrelevant information
D) belief bias
E) deductive reasoning

Question 18

Consider the following word: "ch_ck".Since you work on an egg farm,you assume that the word is "chick".This is an example of

A) top-down processing.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) segmentation processing.
D) an LAD.
E) a LASS.

Question 19

You are trying to imagine how you are going to toss your keys across the crowded room to your friend.This is an example of

A) motoric thought.
B) propositional thought.
C) prototypes.
D) propositions.
E) the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Question 20

Harry makes a statement to a group of friends that,"people who drive red cars get more speeding tickets".The group agrees with the statement because a member of the group,"Jim",drives a red car and frequently gets speeding tickets.This is an example of making a decision based on

A) subgoal analysis.
B) divergent thinking.
C) an availability heuristic.
D) convergent thinking.
E) incubation.

Question 21

If you have a mental framework for the behaviour of "going out to dinner",we would refer to this framework as

A) a representativeness heuristic.
B) a means-ends analysis.
C) an algorithm.
D) an expertise.
E) a script.

Question 22

If you were solving a problem and wanted to guarantee that you reached the correct solution,it would be best to use

A) heuristics.
B) a means-ends analysis.
C) an algorithm.
D) subgoal analysis.
E) divergent thinking.

Question 23

After reading chapter 9 in the text,you are really not sure what you know and do not know.To a cognitive psychologist,your difficulty involves

A) schema disruption.
B) metaimagery.
C) metamemory.
D) metacomprehension.
E) lack of lifespan awareness.

Question 24

Consider the following sentence: "Flying planes can be dangerous".This sentence

A) has incorrect surface structure.
B) does not have a deep structure.
C) has too many phonemes.
D) has only one surface structure.
E) is not generative.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a component of wisdom?

A) rich factual knowledge about life
B) the ability to recognize and manage uncertainty
C) rich procedural knowledge about life
D) a long life with challenges and tests
E) an understanding of lifespan contexts

Question 26

How many morphemes are in the word "crosswords"?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) we would need the pronunciation symbols to tell

Question 27

The 2-year old will speak using a sentence consisting of just a noun and a verb.This is referred to as

A) a sensitive period.
B) babbling.
C) motherese.
D) a LAD.
E) telegraphic speech.

Question 28

Which of the following is FALSE regarding mental imagery?

A) There are specific neurons in the brain that fire in response to both real and imagined objects.
B) Mental imagery can be thought of as perception.
C) It is not possible to mentally rotate images.
D) Mental images can be thought of as language.
E) Mental images have a spatial representation.

Question 29

Sherlock Holmes,the famous detective,notices that all of the coffee cups in your house have the handles facing to the left.He concludes that you must,therefore,be left-handed.Sherlock has just used

A) the logical fallacy.
B) deductive reasoning.
C) the justification fallacy.
D) belief bias.
E) inductive reasoning.

Question 30

You are trying to unscrew the battery cover on your alarm clock,but you do not have a screwdriver.If you realize that a dime can be used as a screwdriver and then use it,you have avoided the problem of

A) mental imagery.
B) functional fixedness.
C) incubation.
D) subgoal analysis.
E) divergent thinking.