Deck 3: Bacterial Cell Structure

Question 1

The genus of bacteria that undergoes cell division in random planes,forming grape like clusters of round bacteria,are the __________.

Answer 1

staphylococci

Question 2

Gram-positive bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan than gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Gram-positive bacteria have a structurally and chemically more complex cell wall than gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

When the cell wall is removed from a Gram-negative bacterium without removing the outer membrane,the resulting form is called a(n)__________.

Question 5

Actinomycetes form long filaments called ___________.

Question 6

You discover a new transport system used by a newly discovered bacterial species.The sugars that are transported using this system are phosphorylated as they enter the bacterial cell.You would describe this transport system as a(n)_____.

A)facillitated diffusion
B)micronutrient regulator
C)passive diffusion
D)group translocation
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Question 7

A branched network of hyphae formed by the Actinomycetes is called a __________.

Question 8

Bacteria that do not have a fixed shape are said to be __________.

Question 9

_______ bind ferric iron and transport it into a bacterial cell.

Question 10

Nutrients that are used by bacteria in relatively large amounts are _____.
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Question 11

Endospores are resistant to most environmental stressors because they have _____ complexed with calcium ions which stabilize DNA.

Question 12

A __________ layer consists of diffuse unorganized polysaccharide material that lies outside the cell wall and is easily removed.

Question 13

Prokaryotes were once described based on structures that were present in eukaryotes,but absent in prokaryotes.

Question 14

The cell membrane is a rigid structure that provides bacteria with their characteristic shapes.

Question 15

A __________ is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell wall and is not easily removed.

Question 16

Bacteria growing at lower temperatures have more saturated fatty acids in their membranes.

Question 17

Growth factors cannot by synthesized by the bacteria that use them and include amino acids,pyrimidines,and vitamins.
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Question 18

Enzymes that are secreted out of the cell to aid in the acquisition and digestion of environmental nutrients are called __________.

Question 19

Molecules or regions of molecules that readily interact with water are said to be __________,whereas molecules or regions of molecules that are insoluble in water or do not readily interact with water are said to be hydrophobic.

Question 20

Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are thought to be important for the structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membrane stabilization.

Question 21

The bacterium
E.coli swims in a straight line,called a __________,for a few seconds; then it stops,tumbles,then swims away in a new direction.

Question 22

Proteinacious projections from the surface of a bacterium that are used to mediate conjugation are called sex __________,whereas projections that mediate attachment to surfaces such as host cells are called __________.

Question 23

If you remove the peptidoglycan layer from a Gram positive cell,it would still stain purple with a Gram stain.

Question 24

Small circular DNA molecules capable of replicating and containing genes that are useful but not necessary to the bacterium are called __________.

Question 25

In many spirochetes,multiple flagella combine to form a bundle known as a(n)____________ fibril,which winds around the cell and confers motility on the cell.

Question 26

Which of the following structures is NOT found in an endospore?

A)capsule
B)coat
C)core
D)exosporium

Question 27

Some species of aquatic bacteria use inclusion bodies known as ________ to orient themselves in Earth's magnetic field.

Question 28

The rotation of bacterial flagella is powered by ATP hydrolysis.

Question 29

The layers of peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall can be cross-linked by peptide intrabridges or by direct cross-linking.

Question 30

_______ are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Question 31

__________ is the main part of the process through which a vegetative cell is formed from an endospore.

Question 32

Matching: Match the definition with the word.
1)monotrichous
2)peritrichous
3)lophotrichous
4)amphitrichous
a.a single flagellum
b.a single flagellum at each pole of an organism
c.a cluster of flagella at one or both ends of an organism
d.a relatively even distribution of flagella over the entire surface of the bacterium

Question 33

During the assembly of the flagellar filament,the flagellin protein monomers assemble at the cell proximal base of the flagellum.

Question 34

__________ is the process through which endospores are formed within a vegetative cell.

Question 35

The most widely accepted current model for membrane structures is called the __________ model.

Question 36

Sedimentation coefficients are proportional to the molecular weight of a particle and are not affected by the volume and shape of the particle.

Question 37

Bacterial flagella are composed of three parts: the ______ body,which is embedded in the cell,the hook,and the _______,which is the longest part of the flagellum.

Question 38

Some photosynthetic bacteria produce gas vacuoles that regulate their buoyancy but contain no lipid.

Question 39

Intracellular granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by bacteria for future use are called __________.

Question 40

Bacteria have a region of the cytoplasm known as the __________,which is not bounded by a membrane but contains the chromosome.

Question 41

Flexible bacteria with a helical shape are called

A)vibrios.
B)spirilla.
C)spirochetes.
D)coccobacilli.

Question 42

The term used to describe bacteria that are rod shaped is

A)coccus.
B)bacillus.
C)vibrio.
D)coccobacillus.

Question 43

The term used to describe bacteria that are intermediate in shape between spherical and rod-shaped is

A)cocci.
B)bacilli.
C)vibrio.
D)coccobacilli.

Question 44

Bacterial cells that are variable in shape are called

A)vibrio.
B)pleomorphic.
C)coccobacilli.
D)hyphal.

Question 45

Proteins that are loosely associated with the cytoplasmic membrane are called __________ proteins.

A)peripheral
B)integral
C)external
D)internal
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Question 46

The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria

A)retains the cytoplasm and its contents.
B)acts as a selectively permeable barrier,allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others.
C)is the major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes.
D)all of the choices.

Question 47

Which of the following protects bacteria from lysis in dilute solutions and helps to determine their cellular morphology or shape?

A)plasma membrane
B)peptidoglycan
C)capsule
D)gas vacuoles

Question 48

The term used to describe bacteria that are shaped like curved rods is

A)coccus.
B)bacillus.
C)vibrio.
D)coccobacillus.

Question 49

All of the following statements about the periplasmic space are true except:

A)It is found only in gram-positive bacteria.
B)It is located between the plasma membrane and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
C)It contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins involved in nutrient acquisition.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 50

Proteins that are embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane and not easily extracted are called __________ proteins.

A)peripheral
B)integral
C)external
D)internal
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Question 51

Rigid bacteria with a helical cell shape are called

A)vibrios.
B)spirilla.
C)spirochetes.
D)coccobacilli.

Question 52

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)that is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is also known as

A)exotoxin.
B)teichoic acid.
C)murein.
D)endotoxin.

Question 53

Square planar arrangement of cells that forms when round bacteria remain attached to each other during reproduction are called

A)streptococci.
B)staphylococci.
C)tetrads.
D)sarcinae.

Question 54

Sortase is a protein enzyme of bacteria that

A)plays a key role in directing proteins to the periplasm.
B)catalyzes covalent attachment of some surface proteins to peptidoglycan.
C)directs secretion of proteins across the outer membrane.
D)functions by transporting flagellum proteins to their extracellular site of assembly.

Question 55

Lipids with polar and nonpolar ends are said to be

A)amphipathic.
B)amphibolic.
C)bilateral.
D)none of the choices.
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Question 56

Shrinkage of the plasma membrane away from the cell wall when the bacterium is placed in a hypertonic environment is called

A)osmolysis.
B)plasmolysis.
C)hydrolysis.
D)hypertonolysis.
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Question 57

The concept of a prokaryote was first fully outlined in 1962 by

A)Watson and Crick.
B)Stanier and Van Niel.
C)Hersey and Chase.
D)Gilbert and Cech.

Question 58

The term used to describe bacteria that have a spherical shape is

A)coccus.
B)bacillus.
C)vibrio.
D)coccobacillus.

Question 59

Although penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis,bacterial cells will continue to grow normally in the presence of penicillin in a(n)__________ environment.

A)hypotonic
B)isotonic
C)hypertonic
D)nonpolar

Question 60

Which of the following is/are true of capsules?

A)They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells.
B)They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria.
C)They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses.
D)all of the choices.

Question 61

The power used by most bacterial flagellar motors is produced by

A)synthesis of glucose.
B)ATP hydrolysis.
C)proton motive force (PMF).
D)all of these.

Question 62

Elements that are required in relatively large amounts by microorganisms are called

A)multivitamins.
B)meganutrients.
C)macronutrients.
D)macromolecules.

Question 63

Phosphorus can be obtained from organic sources only.
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Question 64

Which of the following is not considered a micronutrient?

A)manganese (Mn)
B)magnesium (Mg)
C)zinc (Zn)
D)copper (Cu)

Question 65

Copper (Cu)is considered a micronutrient.
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 03.03.02 Distinguish macroelements (macronutrients)from micronutrients (trace elements)and provide examples of each
Section: 03.03

Question 66

Zinc (Zn)is considered a macronutrient.
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 03.03.02 Distinguish macroelements (macronutrients)from micronutrients (trace elements)and provide examples of each
Section: 03.03

Question 67

Sulfur can be obtained from inorganic sources only.
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 03.03.02 Distinguish macroelements (macronutrients)from micronutrients (trace elements)and provide examples of each
Section: 03.03

Question 68

Twitching or gliding motility involves

A)type IV pili.
B)axial fibrils.
C)movement of slime.
D)both type IV pili and movement of slime can be involved in twitching or gliding motility.

Question 69

Which of the following is not considered a macronutrient?

A)carbon (C)
B)calcium (Ca)
C)potassium (K)
D)cobalt (Co)

Question 70

Bacterial and archaeal ribosomes are known as _____ ribosomes,based on their sedimentation coefficient.

A)50S
B)30S
C)80S
D)70S

Question 71

Small organic molecules called __________ function as enzyme cofactors.
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 03.03.03 Provide examples of growth factors needed by some microorganisms
Section: 03.03

Question 72

The trace amounts of micronutrients needed by microorganisms are usually supplied as inadvertent contaminants in water and regular media components.
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Question 73

The type III bacterial protein secretion machinery:

A)has a needlelike structure through which proteins are secreted.
B)includes structural features that may be evolutionarily related to the basal bodies of bacterial flagella.
C)is found in gram-negative bacteria.
D)all of the choices are correct.

Question 74

Export of flagellin subunits is mediated by

A)an apparatus in the basal body of the flagellum that is related to the type II secretion pathway.
B)the type I secretion pathway.
C)an apparatus in the basal body of the flagellum that is related to the type III secretion pathway.
D)none of the above.

Question 75

Endospores represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because

A)they are resistant to harsh environments,thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive.
B)endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens.
C)endospores are significantly smaller than vegetative cells.
D)endospores are resistant to harsh environments,thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive,and endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens.

Question 76

Which of the following is not true of bacterial plasmids?

A)They can replicate independently of the chromosome.
B)They may carry genes for drug resistance.
C)They are required for host growth and/or reproduction.
D)They may carry genes that enhance survival of the bacterium under certain conditions.

Question 77

Chemotaxis is a process by which bacteria

A)move toward an attractant or away from a repellent.
B)avoid phagocytosis.
C)respond metabolically to the presence of autoinducer molecules.
D)move on solid surfaces by means of type IV fimbriae.

Question 78

__________ __________ are required organic compounds because they are essential cell components or precursors of such components that cannot be synthesized by the organism.(2 words)
Blooms Level: 1.Remember
Learning Outcome: 03.03.03 Provide examples of growth factors needed by some microorganisms
Section: 03.03

Question 79

Nitrogen can be obtained from either organic or inorganic sources.

Question 80

Which of the following is not a major class of growth factors?

A)amino acids
B)purines and pyrimidines
C)vitamins
D)nucleic acids
ASM