Deck 33: Innate Host Resistance

Question 1

Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses are called

A)antibodies.
B)antigens.
C)infective agents.
D)inducers.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Under normal circumstances,which of the following is(are)normally sterile environments in mammals?

A)kidneys
B)ureters
C)urinary bladder
D)all of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Lectin binds to certain carbohydrates to begin the activation of the classical complement pathway.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The lower genitourinary tract is usually free of microorganisms.

Question 5

Body temperature is a physiological barrier against certain microorganisms.

Question 6

Cervical mucus has antibacterial activity.

Question 7

Blood cell development occurs in the bone marrow of mammals during the process of

A)hemolysis.
B)hematopoesis.
C)hemostasis.
D)none of these.

Question 8

The bacteriocins produced by Escherichia coli are called colicins.

Question 9

The lungs are protected from microorganisms by

A)the mucociliary blanket.
B)lysozyme in mucus.
C)phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages.
D)all of the choices

Question 10

Lysozyme is an enzyme that lyses

A)viruses.
B)fungi.
C)bacteria.
D)parasites.

Question 11

Which of the following is used to help protect the lungs from infection?

A)Turbulent airflow deposits airborne pathogens on sticky mucosal surfaces.
B)The mucociliary escalator moves trapped organisms away from the lungs by ciliary action.
C)Coughing and sneezing forcefully expel organisms away from the lungs.
D)all of the choices

Question 12

_____________ is a process by which microorganisms or other particles are coated by serum components,preparing them for recognition and ingestion by phagocytic cells.

Question 13

____________ are a group of cytokines produced by some eukaryotic cells in response to a viral infection.

Question 14

Which of the following is a physical barrier in the nonspecific defense of a mammalian host?

A)inflammation
B)phagocytosis
C)fever
D)mucous membranes

Question 15

The innate response resists a particular foreign agent; moreover,innate immune responses improve on repeated exposure to the agent.

Question 16

The skin surface (epidermis)is a very favorable environment for colonization by microorganisms.

Question 17

The shorter urethra in females is one reason why urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males.

Question 18

The mucociliary blanket is found in the digestive system of mammals.

Question 19

Tears protect the eyes by

A)flushing and lysozyme.
B)inflammation.
C)vasodilation.
D)stimulating opsonization.
E)flushing and lysozyme and vasodilation

Question 20

Lactobacillus contributes to the antimicrobial defenses for the adult female reproductive tract by making lactic acid to lower the pH.

Question 21

Which of the following is considered to be a biological defense mechanism?

A)skin
B)fever
C)gastric acid
D)normal microbiota

Question 22

Which of the following remain in the blood circulation rather than taking up residence in other tissues?

A)monocytes
B)macrophages
C)neutrophils
D)all of the choices

Question 23

Which of the following is (are)way(s)that the complement system aids in the defensive responses of an organism?

A)Lysis of antibody coated gram-negative bacteria.
B)Attract phagocytic cells.
C)Activation of phagocytic cells.
D)All of these are ways that the complement system aids in the defensive responses of an organism.

Question 24

Which of the following pathways for complement activation is generally dependent upon the formation of antigen-antibody complexes?

A)The classical pathway.
B)The alternative pathway.
C)The lectin complement pathway.
D)All of the choices.

Question 25

Lymphocytes are comprised of which of the following cell types?

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)natural killer cells
D)all of the choices
E)T cells and B cells only

Question 26

Dendritic cells

A)play an important role in the development of allergies and hypersensitivity.
B)contain granules with histamine and other pharmacologically active substances that contribute to the inflammatory response.
C)are capable of recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play an important role in non-specific resistance.
D)are mainly important in the defense against protozoan and helminth parasites.

Question 27

Complement

A)augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies.
B)results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteria.
C)results in lysis of Gram-positive bacteria.
D)both augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies and results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteria
E)all of the choices

Question 28

Eosinophils defend against protist and helminth parasites by

A)phagocytosis.
B)complement activation.
C)antibody production.
D)releasing cationic proteins and reactive oxygen metabolites.

Question 29

Macrophage

A)are derived from monocytes.
B)have receptors for compounds released by the immune system that coat microorganisms and enhance phagocytosis.
C)spread throughout the body of animals and take up residence in specific tissues.
D)all of the choices

Question 30

Macrophages are derived from

A)granulocytes.
B)basophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.

Question 31

The alternate complement pathway plays an important role in

A)innate immunity.
B)aquired immunity.
C)specific immunity.
D)innate immunity and specific immunity.

Question 32

Which of the following releases histamine?

A)mast cells
B)basophils
C)plasma cells
D)mast cells and basophils
E)none of the choices

Question 33

The alternative complement pathway plays an important role in innate immunity,but it is not an effective defense against intravascular invasion by bacteria and some fungi.

Question 34

Human fevers are commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections,and in almost every instance fever results from an exogenous pyrogen produced by the microorganism or virus.

Question 35

Macrophages have surface receptors for all of the following except

A)mannose and fucose.
B)zymosan.
C)antibodies.
D)peptidoglycan.
E)macrophages have receptors for all of the choices.

Question 36

Cytokines

A)cause lysis of invading microorganisms.
B)play key roles in both specific and non-specific immunity.
C)are required for regulation of the immune response.
D)play key roles in both specific and non-specific immunity and are required for regulation of the immune response.

Question 37

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)include

A)lipopolysaccharide.
B)peptidoglycan.
C)phospholipids of the cytoplasmic membrane.
D)two of the choices
E)all of the choices

Question 38

A fever augments the host's defenses by

A)stimulating leukocytes into action.
B)enhancing microbiostasis.
C)enhancing the activity of the immune system.
D)all of these

Question 39

Complement mediated lysis is achieved by

A)entry of lysozyme into gram-positive bacteria.
B)entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria.
C)entry of lysozyme into gram-positive bacteria and entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria.
D)none of the choices

Question 40

Which of the following is not a way in which fever augments the host's defenses?

A)Inhibition of the parasite's growth by raising the temperature above the optimum growth temperature.
B)Inhibition of growth by decreasing the availability of iron to the organism.
C)Stimulation of leukocytes into action so that they can kill the organism.
D)Enhances the activity of the immune system.

Question 41

Lymphoid tissues are always highly organized cellular complexes.

Question 42

The average adult has approximately 100,000 leukocytes per mm³of blood.

Question 43

GALT is an acronym that stands for: Glial Associated Lymphoid Target.

Question 44

A mature activated B cell is called a(n)

A)plasma cell.
B)dendritic cell.
C)natural killer cell.
D)spleen cell.

Question 45

During chronic inflammation when the macrophages are unable to protect the host from tissue damage,the body attempts to wall off and isolate the site by forming a(n)

A)clot.
B)cyst.
C)granuloma.
D)vesicle.

Question 46

During the acute inflammatory response,____________ binds to receptors on the capillary wall to open junctions between the cells that allow fluid and leukocytes to enter the tissue.

Question 47

An intraepidermal lymphocyte migrates to a lymph node and matures into a dendritic cell after phagocytosing an antigen.

Question 48

Defensins act against bacteria and fungi by permeabilizing cell membranes.

Question 49

The ________ is a large organ in the abdominal cavity that specializes in filtering the blood and trapping blood-borne microorganisms and antigens.

Question 50

Natural killer cells specifically kill which of the following?

A)Tumor cells and cells infected by microorganisms.
B)Gram positive bacteria.
C)Fungi and protozoa.
D)Foreign transplanted tissue.

Question 51

Phagocytosis leads to destruction of engulfed pathogens by which of the following mechanisms?

A)Lysosomal mediated hydrolysis.
B)Production of bacteriocins.
C)Complement fixation.
D)All of the choices.

Question 52

Opsonizing antibodies must be against __________ components if they are to effectively stimulate phagocytosis.

A)surface
B)internal
C)protein
D)polysaccharide

Question 53

Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by phagocytic cells are effective in killing invading microorganisms.

Question 54

The lymph nodes lie at the junctions of lymphatic vessels where they filter out microbes and antigens from the lymph.

Question 55

Inflammation is a nonspecific defensive reaction to a tissue injury.

Question 56

T cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow.

Question 57

In birds,the __________ of Fabricius is where B cells undergo maturation.

Question 58

A class of pathogen recognition receptors that function exclusively as signaling receptors are known as the ______________ receptors.

Question 59

Which of the following cell types migrates to the lymphoid tissue after encountering pathogens in the skin or the mucous membranes?

A)mast cells.
B)dendritic cells.
C)macrophages.
D)none of the choices.