Deck 11: Stress and Health

Question 1

According to the stress inoculation hypothesis:

A) people who experience high levels of stress are healthiest.
B) people who experience no stress are healthiest.
C) people who experience moderate amounts of stress are healthiest.
D) people who experience no stress or a lot of stress are healthier than people who experience a moderate amount of stress.

Answer 1

people who experience moderate amounts of stress are healthiest.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about stress is TRUE?

A) Only negative events are stressful.
B) For the most part,an event is either inherently threatening,or it is not.
C) The effects of stress are mainly psychological.
D) Stress depends to a large extent on how events are interpreted.

Answer 2

Stress depends to a large extent on how events are interpreted.

Question 3

The textbook suggests that _____ proposed the distinction between stress and stressors.

A) Meyer Friedman
B) Hans Selye
C) Ray Rosenman
D) Richard Lazarus

Answer 3

Hans Selye

Question 4

Holmes and Rahe were among the first to propose a link between:

A) daily hassles and stress.
B) life events and stress.
C) coping styles and health.
D) locus of control and health.

Question 5

Stimulus is to response as _____ is to _____.

A) distress; eustress
B) eustress; distress
C) stressor; stress
D) stress; stressor

Question 6

According to the textbook,which of these scales may be outdated?

A) the Social Readjustment Rating Scale
B) the College Undergraduate Stress Scale
C) Both of these scales may be outdated.
D) Neither of these scales is outdated.

Question 7

About how many soldiers returning from Afghanistan and Iraq show symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 8

One limitation of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is that it:

A) lacks cross-cultural generality.
B) includes only relatively minor events.
C) relies on the respondent's memory of events.
D) does not correlate with negative health outcomes.

Question 9

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was most popular in the:

A) 1950s and 1960s.
B) 1960s and 1970s.
C) 1970s and 1980s.
D) 1980s and 1990s.

Question 10

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale has _____ cross-cultural validity.

A) no
B) little
C) moderate
D) substantial

Question 11

Eustress and distress are _____ concepts.

A) opposite
B) identical
C) similar
D) unrelated

Question 12

The textbook suggests that in most studies,the correlation between Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)scores and health problems is:

A) under .20.
B) between .20 and .30.
C) around .50.
D) between .70 and .80.

Question 13

Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures:

A) the severity of PTSD.
B) major life events.
C) coping strategies.
D) locus of control.

Question 14

Which concept is correctly matched with its definition?

A) stressor - the stress response to undesirable or unpleasant events
B) stress - a stimulus that causes a physiological,psychological,or emotional reaction
C) eustress - the stress response to agreeable or pleasant events
D) distress - the stress response to a neutral event

Question 15

"The event's severity rating multiplied by the frequency of its occurrence" is an ______ definition of the stressfulness of a life event.

A) operational
B) empirical
C) experimental
D) observational

Question 16

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)MOST often results from:

A) major life events.
B) cataclysmic events.
C) chronic background stressors.
D) daily hassles.

Question 17

_____ is a stimulus that causes physiological,psychological,and emotional responses,and _____ is a response to a perceived threat or challenge.

A) A stressor; stress
B) Stress; a stressor
C) Eustress; distress
D) Distress; eustress

Question 18

Eustress is to distress as _____ is to _____.

A) response; stimulus
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) stimulus; response

Question 19

The notion that some degree of stress may be a good thing is MOST consistent with the _____ theory of motivation,and LEAST consistent with the _____ theory.

A) drive; arousal
B) arousal; instinct
C) arousal; drive
D) instinct; drive

Question 20

According to Holmes and Rahe:

A) only negative life events are stressful.
B) positive life events are less stressful than negative ones.
C) the stressful effect of major life events is time-limited.
D) major life events have a cumulative effect on stress.

Question 21

Among police officers,the frequency of chronic work stressors is _____ associated with PTSD symptoms.

A) negatively
B) not
C) positively
D) perfectly

Question 22

Socioeconomic status is _____ correlated with scores on measures of health.

A) negatively
B) not
C) positively
D) perfectly

Question 23

Approximately _____% of the people living in the United States were born in another country.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 15

Question 24

Suppose a researcher investigates the relationship between a New Yorker's proximity to Ground Zero on the morning of September 11,2001,and the likelihood that he or she developed PTSD within the next six months.In this study,proximity to Ground Zero would be:

A) the independent variable.
B) the dependent variable.
C) the treatment group.
D) the control group.

Question 25

Among immigrants to the United States,the ease with which they can speak English is _____ associated with adjustment and well-being.

A) negatively
B) not
C) positively
D) perfectly

Question 26

Dr.Champlain notes that one of his patients displays "dissociative symptoms" of PTSD.This means that the patient displays:

A) unrealistic expectations.
B) a loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities.
C) self-blame.
D) distorted perceptions of the world.

Question 27

When an individual clings to his or her original culture and fails to adapts to a new one,he or she is taking the _____ approach to acculturation.

A) assimilation
B) differentiation
C) integration
D) separation

Question 28

In the psychology of stress and health,the minor irritants or problems people deal with on a regular basis are called:

A) microstressors.
B) life events.
C) annoyances.
D) daily hassles.

Question 29

The textbook states that many people with PTSD attempt to avoid the environmental cues associated with the trauma,such as loud noises.In the language of classical conditioning,these cues are:

A) negative reinforcers.
B) conditioned stimuli.
C) positive reinforcers.
D) unconditioned stimuli.

Question 30

Currently,____% of Americans under the age of 6 live below the poverty line.

A) 8
B) 12
C) 22
D) 28

Question 31

Among the general population,just under _____% have received a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)diagnosis in the past year.

A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15

Question 32

The number of daily hassles a person experiences is ____ associated with the risk of brief ailments such as headaches and colds.

A) positively
B) negative
C) not
D) perfectly

Question 33

Among refugees,social support is _____ associated with depression and anxiety.

A) negatively
B) not
C) positively
D) perfectly

Question 34

For many years,Cajun individuals in southwestern Louisiana were encouraged to conform to mainstream American culture and were discouraged from speaking French.This means that a(n)_____ approach to acculturation was promoted.

A) assimilation
B) separation
C) integration
D) differentiation

Question 35

With respect to acculturation,_____ is the "happy medium" between _____ and _____.

A) integration; acceptance; rejection
B) integration; assimilation; separation
C) assimilation; integration; separation
D) separation; assimilation; integration

Question 36

Dissociative symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder include:

A) distorted perceptions of the world.
B) self-blame.
C) irritability and aggression.
D) difficulty sleeping.

Question 37

The textbook states that many people with PTSD attempt to avoid the environmental cues associated with the trauma,such as loud noises.In the language of classical conditioning,a traumatic reaction to these cues is called a(n):

A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimuli.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimuli.

Question 38

Misplacing one's keys is an example of a(n):

A) microstressor.
B) life event.
C) daily hassle.
D) annoyance.

Question 39

Of those people who have experienced a "psychological trauma," how many will actually develop PTSD?

A) a tiny minority
B) a substantial minority
C) about half
D) a majority

Question 40

When an individual not only retains elements of his or her original culture but also adapts to elements of a new one,he or she is adopting the _____ approach to acculturation.

A) assimilation
B) differentiation
C) integration
D) separation

Question 41

Catecholamines include:

A) norepinephrine.
B) leptin.
C) ghrelin.
D) melatonin.

Question 42

The pioneering stress theorist _____ proposed the general adaptation syndrome to describe the body's response to stressors.

A) Ray Rosenman
B) Meyer Friedman
C) Hans Selye
D) Richard Lazarus

Question 43

When catecholamines are released in the human body:

A) the pupils constrict.
B) blood stops flowing to the muscles.
C) digestion slows.
D) blood pressure drops.

Question 44

Everyday positive experiences that usually make people happy are called:

A) hassles.
B) eustresses.
C) uplifts.
D) life events.

Question 45

Anders owns a struggling coffee shop and has just received devastating news-a nationally known competitor is moving in on the same block.Anders has many debts to pay and his wife is expecting their fourth child.When he hears this bad news,his heart rate zooms and he feels faint,like he is in shock.According to Hans Seyle,Anders is in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) appraisal
D) exhaustion

Question 46

Roger works full-time,has a part-time second job,and has started a new consulting company in response to his son's special needs.He seems to be coping with everything quite well - at least for the moment.According to Hans Selye,Roger is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) appraisal
D) exhaustion

Question 47

Ellen receives a large tip from a customer.Ellen has experienced a(n):

A) uplift.
B) hassle.
C) life event.
D) eustress.

Question 48

In the psychology of health and stress,Hans Selye is associated with the study of:

A) motivational conflicts.
B) coping strategies.
C) the general adaptation syndrome.
D) Type A and Type B personalities.

Question 49

Which of the following is closest to the correlation coefficient one would likely find between the number of hassles survey respondents report experiencing during a given period and the number of sick days they say they've used?

A) .80
B) -.40
C) .30
D) -1.00

Question 50

Brendan must give an oral presentation in 10 minutes,at the start of his class.In response to this "threat":

A) Brendan's parasympathetic nervous system becomes active.
B) catecholamines are secreted.
C) Brendan's pupils constrict.
D) the activity of Brendan's digestive system increases.

Question 51

Sydney is on her way to a meeting with her boss.In response to this anxiety-provoking situation,her:

A) blood flows to her muscles.
B) hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic nervous system.
C) heart rate slows.
D) pupils constrict.

Question 52

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is correctly matched with its description?

A) alarm - perceiving a threat or stressor
B) resistance - experiencing the negative physical and psychological consequences of stress attempting to cope with the stressor
C) exhaustion - attempting to cope with the stressor
D) All of these are correctly matched.

Question 53

The Hassles and Uplifts Scale was created by:

A) Hans Selye and colleagues.
B) Meyer Friedman and R.H.Rosenman.
C) Anita DeLongis and colleagues.
D) Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe.

Question 54

Maya owes the credit card company $20,000,her adjustable rate mortgage has just gone up,and she has been out of work for 3 months.Today her husband of 15 years just told her he was having an affair and wants a divorce.With that news,she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room.According to Hans Selye,Maya is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) appraisal
D) exhaustion

Question 55

Adbul has just discovered his term paper is due tomorrow when he thought it was due next week.According to Hans Selye,Abdul will likely be experiencing the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) appraisal

Question 56

At which stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation model (GAS)are individuals MOST likely to show the negative consequences of stress?

A) exhaustion
B) mobilization
C) resistance
D) alarm

Question 57

Which sequence correctly orders the stages of the general adaptation syndrome,from first to last?

A) alarm > exhaustion > resistance
B) alarm > resistance > exhaustion
C) resistance > alarm > exhaustion
D) resistance > exhaustion > alarm

Question 58

When a stressful situation occurs,the brain's _____ activates the _____ nervous system.

A) hippocampus; parasympathetic
B) hippocampus; sympathetic
C) hypothalamus; parasympathetic
D) hypothalamus; sympathetic

Question 59

When a threatening situation occurs,the _____ nervous system becomes active.When the threat is over,the _____ nervous system becomes active.

A) parasympathetic; sympathetic
B) somatic; autonomic
C) sympathetic; parasympathetic
D) autonomic; somatic

Question 60

Which is NOT one of the physiological responses to stress?

A) the pupils dilate
B) digestion increases
C) blood pressure increases
D) heart rate increases

Question 61

Based on the textbook's definition of health psychology,one can infer that health psychologists generally adhere to a _____ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) psychoanalytic
C) biopsychosocial
D) biological

Question 62

The field of health psychology gained momentum in the:

A) 1950s.
B) 1960s.
C) 1970s.
D) 1980s.

Question 63

The interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship between behavioral and biomedical science is known as:

A) neuroscience.
B) medical psychology.
C) health psychology.
D) holistic medicine.

Question 64

The HPA system oversees the sympathetic nervous system's response to stress.The "H" and "P" in the acronym stand for the _____ and the _____ gland.

A) hippocampus; pineal
B) hippocampus; pituitary
C) hypothalamus; pineal
D) hypothalamus; pituitary

Question 65

Catecholamines are to corticosteroids as _____ is to _____.

A) epinephrine; cortisol
B) cortisol; epinephrine
C) epinephrine; norepinephrine
D) cortisol; norepinephrine

Question 66

_____ release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.

A) B lymphocytes
B) T lymphocytes
C) NK cells
D) H.pylori

Question 67

T lymphocytes mature in the:

A) spleen.
B) thyroid gland.
C) thymus.
D) bone marrow.

Question 68

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system involves a structure called the _____ in the brain,as well as a hormone called ______.

A) hippocampus; cortisol
B) hippocampus; melatonin
C) hypothalamus; cortisol
D) hypothalamus; melatonin

Question 69

Based on the discussion in the textbook,what is the MOST reasonable conclusion regarding the link between stress and ulcers?

A) Stress may or may not be related to ulcers - the results from empirical research are mixed.
B) Stress is not associated with ulcers.
C) Stress is one of the causes of ulcers but only amongst those at risk because of family history or tobacco use.
D) Stress is what causes ulcers.

Question 70

Macrophages are cells that:

A) hunt and consume harmful invaders in the body.
B) do the same thing as B lymphocytes.
C) attack only cancer cells.
D) prevent the spread of infection.

Question 71

The correlation between the duration of stress and the risk of a cold is:

A) negative.
B) zero.
C) weak.
D) positive.

Question 72

The study of the biological,psychological,and social factors that contribute to health and illness is called _____ psychology.

A) medical
B) biological
C) physiological
D) health

Question 73

B lymphocytes are formed in the:

A) brainstem.
B) thyroid gland.
C) adrenal gland.
D) bone marrow.

Question 74

T lymphocytes are to the _____ as B lymphocytes are to the _____.

A) bone marrow; thymus
B) thymus; bone marrow
C) bone marrow; thalamus
D) hypothalamus; bone marrow

Question 75

NK (natural killer)cells:

A) hunt and consume harmful invaders in the body.
B) do the same thing as B lymphocytes.
C) attack only cancer cells.
D) prevent the spread of infection.

Question 76

_____ lymphocytes attack cancer cells,viruses,and other foreign substances.

A) B
B) T
C) Both B and T
D) Neither B nor T

Question 77

Dr.Ortiz studies the relationship between the Big Five personality factors and adherence to medical regimes.Dr.Ortiz is a _____ psychologist.

A) health
B) medical
C) biological
D) physiological

Question 78

Cortisol is secreted by the:

A) pancreas.
B) adrenal glands.
C) liver.
D) thyroid.

Question 79

Stress may impair the production of disease-fighting white blood cells called:

A) leukocytes.
B) lymphocytes.
C) blastocytes.
D) hemocytes.

Question 80

Dr.Hawkins is studying the effects of HIV awareness campaigns on the number of new HIV cases among the Latino population in a major city.She is also investigating HIV-positive patients' compliance with medication regimes.Dr.Hawkins is a _____ psychologist.

A) biological
B) medical
C) health
D) developmental