Deck 14: Personality

Question 1

Though psychological treatments and medications are often thought of as the main curative elements in psychotherapy,often positive changes are produced as a function of the power of _______________.

A)insight
B)countertransference
C)behaviour modification
D)the therapeutic relationship

Answer 1

the therapeutic relationship

Question 2

According to psychoanalytic theory,which of the following is the "royal road to the unconscious"?

A)transference
B)free association
C)fixations
D)dreams

Answer 2

dreams

Question 3

Bob has been feeling rather down and depressed the past few months and is considering talking to someone about his problems.Which of the following professionals is Bob more likely to consult with first?

A)a family physician
B)a psychologist
C)a psychiatrist
D)a psychiatric social worker

Answer 3

a family physician

Question 4

During the course of therapy,a client develops strong emotional feelings for his therapist.He thinks about her often and though he is unwilling to admit it,he has become quite dependent on and attracted to her.Though he is only just becoming aware of this,he has noticed that his therapist in many ways reminds him of his mother.This example best demonstrates the psychoanalytic concept of:

A)insight.
B)regression.
C)transference.
D)resistance.

Question 5

Susan has an anxiety disorder and has sought help from a therapist,Dr.Jones.Dr.Jones believes that Susan's anxiety is related to her unconscious fear of her unmet sexual impulses and that in order for Susan to get over her anxiety problem,she needs to have greater awareness of this unconscious dynamic.Dr.Jones appears to be trying to produce positive changes by fostering more insight and is most likely associated with the ______________ approach to therapy .

A)psychodynamic
B)interpersonal
C)psychoanalytic
D)humanistic

Question 6

A therapist asks her client to begin sharing the various thoughts and feelings that are currently in her awareness.This continues for several minutes,with the client commenting on the changing process of what is appearing in her conscious mind.This therapist is using the therapeutic technique known as:

A)analyzing the transference.
B)free association.
C)random reporting.
D)insight.

Question 7

The techniques of free association and dream analysis are similar in that both are used to:

A)access unconscious material.
B)identify maladaptive thinking.
C)identify important antecedents and consequences.
D)increase feelings of unconditional positive regard.

Question 8

The goal of psychoanalysis is to:

A)help clients understand their resistance to the therapeutic process.
B)analyze and resolve the client's transference reactions.
C)change the client's negative transference to positive transference.
D)help clients achieve insight.

Question 9

Her stepfather abused Samantha emotionally and physically.Now,as a young adult,she is working with a therapist to resolve some of her low self-esteem and relationship issues.Over the course of therapy,Samantha begins to feel great anger toward her male therapist,telling him how much she resents his control over her.She almost quits therapy because she begins to feel that he is too controlling and makes her feel so insignificant.Her therapist is able to show Samantha that she is acting irrationally and has experienced a ___________________ of her feelings to her therapist.

A)resistance
B)free association
C)positive transference
D)negative transference

Question 10

Which of the following mental health professionals receives his or her training in medical school?

A)a clinical psychologist
B)a psychiatrist
C)a counselling psychologist
D)a marriage and family counsellor

Question 11

Which of the following mental health professionals are medical doctors specializing in psychotherapy and biomedical treatments?

A)clinical psychologist
B)family counsellor
C)psychiatrists
D)counseling psychologists

Question 12

When a therapy client responds to his therapist as if the therapist was an important figure from his past,____________ is said to occur.

A)transference
B)resistance
C)wish fulfillment
D)insight

Question 13

Two treatment elements that are combined in the management of all psychological disorders are:

A)medications and psychological techniques
B)transference and countertransference
C)the therapeutic relationship and psychological techniques
D)interpretation and insight

Question 14

Kelly's therapist listens to her talk about the problems she is having this school year but continues to ask about events and emotions Kelly experienced as a child and hasn't thought about in ages.Her therapist believes she will change the unconscious factors that are creating her inability to deal with her current maladaptive behaviors by helping Kelly achieve ____________.

A)insight
B)self-actualization
C)counter-conditioning
D)positive transference

Question 15

While listening to his client talk about her favourite memories from childhood,Dr.Peabody begins to notice that whenever his patient's thoughts approach her sister,she quickly changes the topic and talks about something else.When Dr.Peabody begins probing her memories and thoughts about her sister,his client starts missing therapy appointments often cancelling without notice.This defensive maneuver is known as _______________.

A)free association
B)resistance
C)transference
D)modeling

Question 16

Psychoanalysts study the dreams of their patients because it is assumed that dreams:

A)contain the essential elements of the transference.
B)represent the patients' first attempts at resistance in therapy.
C)express unconscious wishes and fantasies that are typically repressed during the day.
D)represent the patients' unconscious attempts to successfully solve their problems.

Question 17

Helping people achieve greater insight,which is an awareness of the underlying dynamics of their problems,is the primary therapeutic goal of ___________.

A)humanistic therapy
B)cognitive therapy
C)behaviour modification
D)psychoanalysis

Question 18

Two key therapeutic elements in the treatment of behaviour disorders are the therapy techniques and the ____________________.

A)client's openness
B)therapeutic relationship
C)problem severity
D)client's motivation

Question 19

In psychoanalytic theory,it is assumed that while the person may consciously want help,there may be an unconscious motivation not to change.The defensive patterns that disrupt therapy and function to maintain the present condition are called:

A)transference.
B)resistance.
C)repression.
D)insight.

Question 20

John has made little progress during his last few months in therapy,but just last week,his therapist thought that he was close to gaining some important awareness about his unconscious patterns.John's therapist is eager for their next session,but when John's appointment time comes,John does not show and phones later to apologize,saying that he accidentally forgot about it.Psychoanalytic theorists would most likely interpret John's behaviour as an example of:

A)free association.
B)repression.
C)negative transference.
D)resistance.

Question 21

Cathy has been seeing a therapist for a month.The therapy sessions focus on showing Cathy that she can control her actions and how she should take responsibility for her behaviour.Most likely,her therapist is coming from a ________________ perspective.

A)behavioural
B)psychodynamic
C)humanistic
D)trait

Question 22

Studies showing that most of the therapeutic improvement of clients occurs by the 26th session of psychodynamic therapy were presented to make the argument that:

A)traditional long-term psychoanalysis yields significantly better patient outcomes than brief psychodynamic therapy does.
B)there is little empirical evidence supporting the psychodynamic concept of resistance.
C)interpretations do not appear to be necessary for psychodynamic therapy to be effective.
D)brief psychodynamic therapy is a viable and effective alternative to traditional psychoanalysis.

Question 23

A therapist takes a moment to paraphrase what he has just heard his client say in a way that accurately captures the feelings the client was experiencing.In client-centered therapy,this would be considered an example of reflecting,and this technique is often used to foster the important therapist characteristic of _____________.

A)interpretation
B)genuineness
C)unconditional positive regard
D)empathy

Question 24

Though they are usually considered to be quite different,the psychoanalytic and the humanistic approaches to psychotherapy are similar in that:

A)they both assume that childhood events play an important role in psychological disorders.
B)they both have similar conceptualizations of humans and human nature.
C)they both rely heavily on the use of dreams and interpretations.
D)the humanistic perspective is essentially an extension of basic psychoanalytic principles.

Question 25

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years.Mary's therapist tends to be very non-directive and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity,wants,and dreams for the future.The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings.Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the ____________ perspective of psychotherapy.

A)cognitive
B)behavioural
C)humanistic
D)psychoanalytic

Question 26

All of the following were mentioned by Carl Rogers as important and essential therapist characteristics EXCEPT:

A)empathy.
B)congruence.
C)unconditional positive regard.
D)genuineness.

Question 27

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is considered to be a brief therapy based primarily on the principles of psychoanalysis?

A)rational-emotive therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)interpersonal therapy
D)cognitive therapy

Question 28

In psychoanalytic theory,any statement made by the therapist that is intended to help the client gain insight into their behaviour or dynamics is called:

A)an explanation
B)an interpretation
C)a clarification
D)an explication

Question 29

Which of the following was mentioned as a difference between traditional and brief psychodynamic therapy?

A)Brief psychodynamic therapy pays significantly less attention to the importance of insight than traditional psychoanalysis does.
B)Brief psychodynamic therapy tends to focus on current life problems while traditional psychoanalysis attempts to rebuild the client's personality.
C)Brief psychodynamic therapy relies more heavily on free association than traditional psychoanalysis does.
D)In brief psychodynamic therapy,the therapist is considerably less active than in traditional psychoanalysis.

Question 30

The assumption that psychological disorders are produced by the blockage or frustration of natural tendencies for growth is most consistent with the:

A)psychodynamic approach.
B)humanistic approach.
C)behavioural approach.
D)cognitive approach.

Question 31

After several months of psychoanalytic therapy,a psychoanalyst makes the comment to his client: "It seems as if you're responding to me as if I was your father and you believe that you have significantly disappointed me." This statement is best considered as an example of:

A)an interpretation.
B)an explanation.
C)a free association.
D)resistance.

Question 32

Which of the following is considered to be the primary or chief therapeutic technique used by psychoanalysts to help clients gain awareness of important material?

A)dream analysis
B)transference
C)free association
D)interpretation

Question 33

A humanistic therapist's refusal to offer advice or guidance to his or her client is best representative of the client-centred therapist attribute of:

A)genuineness.
B)resistance.
C)unconditional positive regard.
D)empathy.

Question 34

In contrast to a psychoanalytic therapy session,the perspective that focuses on the present and future instead of the past is the ____________________ perspective.

A)biological
B)trait
C)humanistic
D)behavioural

Question 35

A therapist feels frustrated because her client has recently missed three of her last five appointments.If the therapist were to express these negative feelings to her client,this would best demonstrate Carl Rogers's important therapist characteristic of:

A)genuineness.
B)unconditional positive regard.
C)sympathy.
D)empathy.

Question 36

All of the following are differences between traditional psychoanalysis and brief psychodynamic therapies except:

A)most brief psychodynamic therapies do not make use of insight or interpretation.
B)most brief psychodynamic therapies replace free association with talking.
C)most brief psychodynamic therapies focus on current life problems rather than the reconstruction of personality.
D)the therapists conducting brief psychodynamic therapies are usually more active.

Question 37

According to the humanist Carl Rogers,the "active ingredient" in therapy is:

A)the client's insight into his or her "conditions of worth."
B)the removal of the barriers to the client's self-growth.
C)the client's own self-exploration.
D)the therapeutic relationship.

Question 38

A therapist who takes a humanistic approach to psychotherapy would most likely have the goal of creating a therapeutic environment that:

A)encourages insight.
B)challenges irrational thoughts.
C)reinforces desired behaviours.
D)allows for self-exploration.

Question 39

To increase the insight of their clients,psychoanalysts use the primary therapeutic technique of _____________.

A)resistance
B)transference
C)interpretation
D)free association

Question 40

According to Carl Rogers,the most important curative agent in psychotherapy is:

A)the development of insight.
B)increased awareness of negative thoughts.
C)the relationship between client and therapist.
D)self-actualization.

Question 41

All of the following were mentioned as examples of therapy procedures derived directly from the principles of classical conditioning EXCEPT:

A)exposure therapies.
B)behaviour modification.
C)systematic desensitization.
D)aversion therapy.

Question 42

Josh is visiting a friend when he accidentally breaks a valuable plate.He begins to berate himself for his clumsiness and stupidity,and almost instantaneously he starts to feel embarrassed and upset.According to Ellis's ABCD model of emotion,the breaking of the plate would represent the:

A)"A"
B)"B"
C)"C"
D)"D"

Question 43

The identification and replacement of irrational thoughts and the ABCD model of emotional disturbance are most closely associated with which of the following people?

A)Aaron Beck
B)Carl Rogers
C)Albert Ellis
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 44

Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A)Their therapies are both considered to humanistic in nature.
B)They both asserted that self-exploration is important for growth and health.
C)They both agreed in the importance of validating their therapies through research.
D)They both assumed the existence of a self-actualizing tendency.

Question 45

Cognitive therapy is currently considered to be the psychological treatment of choice for which of the following disorders?

A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)depression
C)anger
D)social phobia

Question 46

Brad's therapist is unconcerned with the reasons why Brad is always late and focused on how to change Brad's maladaptive behaviour of always being late.It is likely that Brad's therapist engages in which type of therapy?

A)behaviour therapy
B)psychoanalysis
C)cognitive therapy
D)gestalt therapy

Question 47

The gestalt therapy approach of Fritz Perls is largely based on:

A)social learning principles that describe how people can learn from modelling and behavioural observation.
B)perceptual principles that describe how different stimuli are perceived.
C)classical conditioning principles that describe how associations between stimuli are learned.
D)operant conditioning principles that describe how associations between behaviours and consequences are learned.

Question 48

Research has found positive results for cognitive therapy with all of the following disorders EXCEPT:

A)depression.
B)anger.
C)somatoform disorders.
D)anxiety disorders.

Question 49

When Josh brings home a report card with a failing grade in French,he is very sad.According to rational-emotive therapy,the failing grade is the _______________ of the sadness.

A)activating event
B)outcome
C)consequence
D)disputing factor

Question 50

The assumptions that psychological disorders are learned in exactly the same way as normal behaviours and that they can be treated by applying the basic principles of learning is typical of the _____________ approach to therapy.

A)biological
B)interpersonal
C)humanistic
D)behavioural

Question 51

Exposure therapies operate on the assumption that the most direct way to reduce or eliminate a learned anxiety response is ________________________.

A)classical extinction
B)positive reinforcement
C)operant extinction
D)response cost punishment

Question 52

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is considered to be a humanistic approach to therapy?

A)interpersonal therapy
B)gestalt therapy
C)rational-emotive therapy
D)cognitive therapy

Question 53

This therapy is often conducted in a group format,it sometimes incorporates role-playing,and it can be rather confrontational.This is ______________therapy.

A)client-cantered
B)rational-emotive
C)gestalt
D)behavioural marital

Question 54

Though they are rather similar,one difference between cognitive therapy and rational-emotive therapy is that the former concentrates on automatic thoughts,while the later is concerned with ______________.

A)irrational thoughts
B)negative thoughts
C)negative feelings
D)irrational feelings

Question 55

Jerry is working with a therapist to get over his depression.The therapist points out how most of his depressive feelings appear to be produced by thoughts such as,"because my boss doesn't like me,I will never get promoted!" The therapist helps Jerry to identify when this previously automatic thought is present and suggests that he come up with some way of challenging this conclusion.Jerry most likely has a therapist who is using:

A)cognitive therapy.
B)client-centered therapy.
C)interpersonal therapy.
D)rational-emotive therapy.

Question 56

The decrease in popularity of gestalt therapy may have been due to:

A)the fact that Fritz Perls was not interested in testing his ideas through research.
B)the strong psychoanalytic influence on his approach to therapy.
C)the personal conflict that he had with the more popular Carl Rogers.
D)extensive research that found that the techniques of gestalt therapy are ineffective.

Question 57

Carl is involved in a therapy group in which he is frequently asked to role-play various people and even inanimate objects in order to gain more access to feelings from which he has been cut off.The therapist facilitating the group is rather imaginative when suggesting activities for the group and has been known to be challenging every now and then.Carl's therapy group is most likely based on the principles of:

A)person-centered therapy.
B)interpersonal therapy.
C)cognitive therapy.
D)gestalt therapy.

Question 58

Nadine wants to ask Ramon out on a date but is afraid he will say "no." According to Ellis's theory,Nadine is not really afraid of Ramon saying "no," but rather _____________________.

A)she has an irrational belief that she is worthless and will never get a date
B)she has a fear of going out alone
C)that she will feel foolish
D)she is reminded of past boys that have turned her down

Question 59

Which of the following pays the least amount of attention to internal factors such as thoughts,feelings,or unconscious dynamics?

A)behaviour therapies
B)psychodynamic therapies
C)cognitive therapies
D)humanistic therapies

Question 60

In Albert Ellis's ABCD model of emotional disturbance,the "A" stands for the:

A)antecedent.
B)activating event.
C)automatic thoughts.
D)aversive situation.

Question 61

Janice has a phobia of dogs and decides to consult with a behaviour therapist in order to get some help.The therapist first teaches her a muscle relaxation technique.After she has learned this,they create a list of increasingly fearful situations involving dogs.Starting with the least feared situation,the therapist has Janice imagine it and then use her relaxation training to eliminate any anxiety that arises.This therapist is using the general technique called systematic desensitization,and the list that they have created is an example of _____________.

A)aversive conditioning
B)a stimulus hierarchy
C)flooding
D)a positive reinforcer

Question 62

Jake is staying in a large halfway house for juvenile substance abusers.Every time he successfully finishes his chores around the house,helps a roommate,or does any other appropriate behaviour,he receives a token.These tokens can be later exchanged for privileges such as staying out past curfew or going to a movie theatre.The goal of this system is to eventually have these positive behaviours:

A)be controlled by self-reinforcement processes and social reinforcers
B)receive a minimal number of tokens for the same tasks
C)illustrate an economic lesson
D)get him released from the halfway house

Question 63

Eugene has a terrible fear of being in a boat.Eugene works for the Coast Guard doing an administrative job,but he knows he will have to get over this fear in order to receive a promotion.His boss offered to pay for therapy and gave Eugene a choice between a standard exposure therapy and a systematic desensitization therapy.Eugene,who was extremely anxious,wanted the least anxiety provoking therapy,chose:

A)standard exposure therapy
B)systematic desensitization
C)standard exposure therapy.
D)aversion therapy

Question 64

Which of the following therapies represents the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?

A)systematic desensitization
B)exposure therapy
C)behaviour modification
D)aversion therapy

Question 65

According to the two-factor learning theory,the most direct way to reduce a phobia is through exposure to the feared conditioned stimulus (CS)in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)while keeping the operant avoidance response from occurring by using _______________________.

A)response prevention
B)systematic desensitization
C)shaping
D)behaviour modification

Question 66

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)appears to help individuals who are depressed become:

A)less emotional.
B)more emotionally responsive
C)less anxious.
D)more stimulated.

Question 67

Systematic desensitization focuses on the process of learning a response that is incompatible with anxiety.This is based on the concept of ________________________.

A)aversive conditioning
B)a stimulus hierarchy
C)counterconditioning
D)response prevention

Question 68

Jake is staying in a large halfway house for recovering addicts.Every time he successfully finishes his chores around the house,helps a roommate,or does any other appropriate behaviour,he receives a token.These tokens can be later exchanged for privileges such as staying out past curfew or going to a movie theatre.This system is an example of:

A)counterconditioning
B)a client-centred approach
C)malingering
D)behaviour modification

Question 69

Counterconditioning and stimulus hierarchies are most central to which of the following therapeutic interventions?

A)systematic desensitization
B)exposure therapy
C)aversion therapy
D)behaviour modification

Question 70

Because its effects often do not generalize well from the treatment setting to the real world,many researchers believe that ____________ would be more effective if it were used in concert with skills training programs that focus on avoiding relapse.

A)systematic desensitization
B)aversion therapy
C)exposure therapy
D)cognitive therapy

Question 71

Lennon was diagnosed with depression.Following an fMRI,the doctor suggested that Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)would not likely be the best treatment option.It is likely that when Lennon rated words with negative emotional meaning he showed low levels of activity in his:

A)frontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)cingulate cortex
D)hippocampus

Question 72

Treating anxiety symptoms by presenting a feared stimulus (such as a dog or heights)and preventing the target person from avoiding that stimulus is typical of _____________ therapies.

A)cognitive
B)aversive
C)exposure
D)humanistic

Question 73

As part of a smoking cessation program,Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette.Even though he knows he is receiving the drug,it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less.This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in:

A)aversion therapy.
B)electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
C)negative exposure therapy.
D)avoidance therapy.

Question 74

Beatrice would like to stop her habit of biting her fingernails.In order to do this,she covers the ends of her fingertips,including her nails,with a bitter tasting antibacterial spray.When Beatrice puts her fingernail in her mouth she is met with a noxious taste and removes her nail immediately from her mouth.In this case,the bitter taste might be considered the:

A)conditioned stimulus (CS)
B)unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
C)unconditioned stimulus (UCR)
D)conditioned response (CR)

Question 75

Bartock was treated for depression with medication and Shula took Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT).A PET showed changes in their:

A)white matter.
B)gray matter.
C)corpus callosum
D)cortex.

Question 76

In this therapy,a previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS)is paired with a noxious stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behaviour evoked by the CS.This is:

A)avoidance therapy
B)systematic desensitization
C)negative exposure therapy
D)aversion therapy

Question 77

Russell is an alcoholic who wants to quit drinking.When he seeks help from a therapist,he is given a drug that will cause nausea if he drinks alcohol.Russell's therapist is using a type of therapy called:

A)systematic desensitization
B)token economy
C)aversion therapy
D)virtual reality therapy

Question 78

Token economies are based on the systematic application of:

A)negative reinforcement.
B)counterconditioning.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)punishment.

Question 79

Exposure therapies have been used effectively to treat agoraphobics by:

A)training them in systematic desensitization.
B)enabling them to identify and change key automatic thought patterns.
C)treating them with brief psychodynamic therapy.
D)requiring them to confront feared situations.

Question 80

The results from a neuroimaging study suggest that the correlation between serotonin levels and dysfunctional beliefs is a _______________ correlation.

A)negative.
B)positive.
C)normal.
D)no .