Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The difference between a critical period and a sensitive period is an issue that guides much of the research in the field of:

A)evolutionary psychology.
B)clinical psychology.
C)developmental psychology.
D)abnormal psychology.

Answer 1

developmental psychology.

Question 2

Many researchers argue that motor development occurs in distinct stages,each of which is characterized by qualitatively different motor skills.This example best illustrates:

A)continuity
B)discontinuity
C)stability
D)environmental influences

Answer 2

discontinuity

Question 3

In a sequential research design,there is repeated testing of ________________.

A)several gender cohorts
B)several age cohorts
C)a single gender cohort
D)a single age cohort

Answer 3

several age cohorts

Question 4

In developmental research,cohort effects may confound any changes due to age contributing to a problem with any ______________ research design...

A)cross-sectional
B)sequential
C)qualitative
D)longitudinal

Question 5

During which stage of prenatal development is the age of viability reached?

A)zygote stage
B)germinal stage
C)embryonic stage
D)fetal stage

Question 6

A self-esteem researcher is interested in how self-esteem varies across the lifespan and decides to conduct a survey comparing people of different ages to address this issue.He recruits participants to be in one of four different age groups: 20 to 29,30 to 39,40 to 49,and 50 to 59.He has them complete a self-esteem survey,and then analyzes the data to see whether any patterns emerge.This study would be considered an example of a:

A)longitudinal design.
B)double-blind design.
C)cross-sectional design.
D)sequential design.

Question 7

When researching development,researchers ask about the relative contribution of genetic factors and/or environmental factors.This question is most relevant to which broad theme of development?

A)nature vs.nurture
B)critical and sensitive periods
C)continuity vs.discontinuity
D)stability vs.change

Question 8

In the germinal stage,the fertilized egg is called a zygote,while in the fetal stage,it is referred to as a.

A)embryo
B)fetus
C)chromosome
D)infant

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding the sex of a child is true?

A)The sex of a child is determined by the father's genetic contribution.
B)The sex of a child is determined by the mother's genetic contribution.
C)The sex of a child is determined by the mother's and the father's genetic contributions.
D)The sex of a child is unrelated to the genetic contributions of either parent.

Question 10

Some people believe that if a person has not learned a second language in childhood,learning a second language as an adult,while possible,is a much more difficult task.This belief would support a (n)_________ view of bilingualism.

A)sensitive period
B)critical period
C)motivational
D)innate

Question 11

Dr.Jones wants to know whether ten-year olds,twelve-year olds,or fourteen-year olds watch more television.Which of the following research designs would be the most appropriate method for Dr.Jones to use?

A)sequential
B)cross-sectional
C)longitudinal
D)pretest-posttest experimental

Question 12

With respect to the designs typically used in developmental research,which of the following statements is true:

A)The cross-sectional and longitudinal designs are different types of sequential designs.
B)The sequential and longitudinal designs are different types of cross-sectional designs.
C)The longitudinal design represents a combination of the cross-sectional and sequential designs.
D)The sequential design represents a combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

Question 13

A researcher is interested in examining the development and effects of shyness.To do this,she identifies a group of 100 shy children at age 10,and then follows them for the next 10 years,checking in periodically to gather additional information.This design is best described as:

A)a longitudinal design.
B)a cross-sectional design.
C)a placebo design.
D)a sequential design.

Question 14

Does growth occur in continuous,gradual steps or does it pass through distinct and specific stages? Such questions are most central to:

A)psychoanalysis.
B)developmental psychology.
C)relapse prevention programs.
D)abnormal psychology.

Question 15

The field of developmental psychology would most likely address which of the following questions?

A)How common is relapse in people attempting to stop smoking?
B)What brain areas are involved in the production of speech?
C)What factors contribute to the effectiveness of operant conditioning?
D)How consistent are people's cognitive abilities across the life span?

Question 16

Upon enrolling their children in a developmental preschool,parents are asked to participate in a study where they will be contacted every two years for the next ten years and asked to complete a quality of education survey.If they agree,parents will be participating in a _______________ research study.

A)sequential
B)longitudinal
C)cross sectional
D)double-blind experimental

Question 17

All of the following were mentioned as broad issues that guide much of the research in developmental psychology EXCEPT:

A)the influence of the environment on behaviour.
B)critical and sensitive periods.
C)nature versus nurture questions.
D)the continuity or discontinuity of development.

Question 18

Sally is interested in comparing the effects of video game violence on aggression in several different age groups.Which of the following groups would a cross-sectional design be confounded by the age of the cohorts?

A)14,15,16,and 17 year olds
B)2,3,4,and 5 year olds
C)10,12,14,and 16 year olds
D)5,15,30,and 60 year olds

Question 19

Which of the following lists the three stages of prenatal development in the proper order (from earliest to latest)?

A)embryonic,germinal,fetal
B)fetal,germinal,embryonic
C)germinal,embryonic,fetal
D)germinal,fetal,embryonic

Question 20

In developmental research,a critical period is an age range during which specific experiences must take place if normal development is to occur.For other experiences,it is optimal but not necessarily essential for these experiences to occur during a ___________ period.

A)responsive
B)receptive
C)sensitive
D)explicit

Question 21

An infant is born with facial irregularities and a small,malformed brain.As the child grows up,she shows symptoms of mental retardation and tends to be both irritable and hostile.It is most likely that this infant's abnormalities are a function of her mother's prenatal exposure to:

A)HIV.
B)untreated syphilis.
C)excessive alcohol.
D)nicotine.

Question 22

With regard to fetal and infant development,the cephalocaudal principle asserts that:

A)the head and upper body tend to develop first.
B)the lower body tends to develop first.
C)the innermost parts of the body tend to develop first.
D)the outermost parts of the body tend to develop first.

Question 23

In terms of our sensory-perceptual processes:

A)most improve rapidly in the first five years after birth.
B)some appear relatively suddenly several months after birth.
C)a few disappear during the first month after birth.
D)some continue to develop well into our teenage years

Question 24

The teratogen nicotine is associated with which of the following fetal and infant abnormalities?

A)low birth weight and an increased risk for miscarriage
B)facial irregularities and hyperactivity
C)smaller than average brains and drug addiction
D)mental retardation and attention deficits

Question 25

Studies examining newborn infants' visual preferences suggest that an infant would be most interested in which of the following?

A)a white circle
B)a black circle
C)a circle with a simple pattern inside of it.
D)a circle with a complex pattern inside of it.

Question 26

Recent research has suggested that fetuses stop responding to repeated presentations of auditory stimuli because:

A)fetuses have long-term memory.
B)fetuses have sensory memory.
C)fetuses have short-term memory.
D)fetuses have acoustic memory.

Question 27

Genetic researchers have determined that adult males normally carry:

A)only the X chromosome.
B)only the Y chromosome.
C)both the X and the Y chromosome.
D)either the X or the Y chromosome,but not both.

Question 28

Studies of infants' auditory pattern perceptions by Werker and colleagues at the University of British Columbia found that:

A)by six months old,infants could not detect changes in language phonemes that their mothers could not detect.
B)as infants began to speak words in their native language they lost their ability to discriminate between phonemes that were not in their native language.
C)there was a steady decline from birth in infants' abilities to detect phonemic differences regardless of the languages in which the phonemes occur.
D)as infants began to speak words they develop their ability to speak words in both their native and non-native language.

Question 29

Which of the following types of learning have been demonstrated with newborns?

A)Newborns can acquire classically conditioned responses but show no evidence of learning through modelling and operant conditioning.
B)Newborns can acquire classically and operantly conditioned responses but show no evidence of learning through modelling.
C)Newborns show no evidence of learning though classical conditioning,operant conditioning,or modelling.
D)Newborns show clear evidence of learning though classical conditioning,operant conditioning,and modelling.

Question 30

The principle of proximodistal development is consistent with all of the following observations EXCEPT:

A)an infant can control his leg before he can control his toes.
B)an infant can control his shoulder before he can control his arm.
C)an infant can control his hand before he can control his arm.
D)an infant can control his foot before he can control his toes.

Question 31

Before decorating the nursery for her newborn,Lynne consults a psychologist who advises her that:

A)newborns prefer patterns to solid colours
B)newborns do not see colour,only black and white
C)newborns have no visual preferences
D)newborns prefer simple patterns to complex patterns

Question 32

Within a few days of birth,most infants are able to reproduce the facial expressions of an adult.Some theorists argue that this behaviour is a reflexive response,while others assert that it is the product of a simple,biologically based form of _____________.

A)operant conditioning
B)modelling
C)classical conditioning
D)survival

Question 33

A wide variety of environmental agents that cause abnormalities in prenatal development are called:

A)antigens.
B)antibodies.
C)toxins.
D)teratogens.

Question 34

North American motor-scale norms illustrate that:

A)motor development in infancy tends to occur in a discontinuous fashion.
B)infants acquire particular motor skills at the different ages.
C)motor development in infancy tends to follow a regular,stage-like sequence.
D)motor development in infancy is influenced by environmental factors.

Question 35

Which of the following was mentioned as one of the methods used by developmental psychologists to study the sensory capabilities and perceptual preferences of infants?

A)the MRI
B)the EEG
C)infant IQ tests
D)the preferential looking procedure

Question 36

If a zygote receives a Y chromosome from its father,this means that the resulting baby:

A)will be a female.
B)will be a male.
C)could be either a male or a female,depending on the contribution of the mother.
D)will have the characteristics of both a male and a female.

Question 37

Which of the below statements about newborn visual preferences is NOT true:

A)infants prefer patterned to non-patterned stimuli.
B)infants prefer their mother's face (perhaps based on her hairline)to a stranger's face.
C)infants prefer simpler patterns to complex patterns.
D)infants prefer novel to familiar stimuli.

Question 38

Sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and HIV can cause abnormalities in fetal development and are examples of ____________.

A)toxins
B)teratogens
C)antigens
D)antibodies

Question 39

When Amy's infant daughter starts to crawl,she primarily uses her arms to help her.After she masters this new way of moving around the room,she starts relying on her legs to help her more in the crawling process.From a developmental standpoint,the way Amy's daughter starts with her arms and then adds the use of her legs follows the ______ principle.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)neonatal reflex
D)encephomotor

Question 40

Which of the following was mentioned as one of the three conclusions regarding the relative importance of biological and environmental factors in development?

A)The environment sets a limit on biological influences.
B)Though they are present,environmental influences are not very powerful.
C)Environmental factors can impact the rate and sequence in which various skills are learned.
D)Environmental and biological factors interact with one another during development.

Question 41

Jean Piaget observed that infants typically develop the concept of object permanence during the ____________ stage of cognitive development.

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 42

Suzy primarily attempts to understand things in terms of the physical interaction she has with objects.Almost anything that she can put into her mouth she calls a "pacifier." Just recently,she realized that objects don't "disappear" when they are hidden and so she now continues to look for them when they are under blankets and behind barriers.It is most likely that Suzy is in Jean Piaget's:

A)preconventional stage.
B)preoperational stage.
C)sensorimotor stage.
D)concrete operational stage.

Question 43

An infant who interprets her world primarily through her physical interactions with objects is most likely in Jean Piaget's ____________ stage,which lasts from birth until age 2.

A)preconventional
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 44

Jean Piaget defined an organized pattern of thought and action that guide children's interactions with the world as:

A)norm
B)schema
C)reflex
D)mental representation

Question 45

Andy and Jeff compare the physical development of their sons.The baby boys are the same age.Andy brags that his infant son seems to be maturing at an advanced rate compared to what Jeff is observing in his son.Jeff worries that maybe there is something physically wrong with his son.Jeff consults a developmental book and finds that:

A)all children achieve the same physical skills,just at varying times
B)the sequence of acquiring physical skills varies between cultures
C)the sequence of acquiring physical skills varies between individuals
D)not all children achieve the same physical skills in the same order

Question 46

From their longitudinal studies at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto of children who had surgery to correct congenital cataracts in one or both eyes,Maurer and Lewis concluded that:

A)the sensitive/critical period for the development of certain visual abilities lasts until about ten years of age.
B)after surgery,the early visual deprivation did not result in any negative impact on vision.
C)the visual system was kept intact by non-patterned light experiences.
D)the sensitive/critical period for the development of certain visual abilities lasts until about two years of age.

Question 47

With which of the following statements regarding cognitive development would Jean Piaget most likely agree?

A)Cognitive development involves a balance of assimilation and accommodation.
B)Assimilation and accommodation play a minor role in cognitive development.
C)Accommodation is more important than assimilation in cognitive development.
D)Assimilation is more important than accommodation in cognitive development.

Question 48

Before four-year-old Pat rode a tricycle,Pat believed it was the wind that caused tricycles to move.When Pat rode a tricycle for the first time,Pat discovered it was peddling that moved the tricycle.Pat changed his schema about how tricycles move through the process of _________________.

A)assimilation
B)concrete operations
C)formal operations
D)accommodation

Question 49

A young girl driving past a farm sees a cow and says,"doggie!" Her older brother,who used to do the same thing when he was her age,informs her that this isn't a dog but is actually a cow.In fitting the cow into a preexisting schema,the sister shows that she is using the process of ____________.

A)adaptation
B)adjustment
C)assimilation
D)accommodation

Question 50

According to Jean Piaget,the process in which new information is incorporated into preexisting schemas is known as:

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)adaptation.
D)adjustment.

Question 51

A child who has developed object permanence but does not yet fully grasp the idea of conservation is most likely in Jean Piaget's ____________ stage.

A)formal operational
B)sensorimotor
C)concrete operational
D)preoperational

Question 52

All of the following were mentioned as cognitive limitations characteristic of Jean Piaget's preoperational stage EXCEPT:

A)animism.
B)lack of object permanence.
C)egocentrism.
D)lack of conservation.

Question 53

Which of the following first appears during the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

A)language
B)conservation
C)pretend play
D)object permanence

Question 54

Which of the following would be most representative of a child in Jean Piaget's preoperational stage of development?

A)A child understands that the amount of water doesn't change when it is poured into different sized beakers.
B)A child incorrectly assumes that everyone in a room has the same view of an object that he does.
C)When an object is hidden from view,a child assumes that it no longer exists and looks away.
D)When asked where she would put a third eye,a child indicates that she would put it on her hand.

Question 55

According to Piaget,the interesting part of testing children is in what kind of errors they make in their thinking.He believed the errors made by children were the result of:

A)their inability to pay attention to adult explanations
B)the limited understanding of their experiences
C)a lack of curiosity in some children
D)a limited attention span

Question 56

Which of the following examples best demonstrates the process of accommodation?

A)An infant who is used to sucking on a pacifier learns that she can also suck on toy blocks.
B)A toddler begins to correctly refer to a horse as a "horsey" and not a "big doggie."
C)A toddler at dinner attempts to eat the place mat because she thinks it is something to eat.
D)A toddler refers to a giraffe as a "tall kitty."

Question 57

At daycare,Nicole and Christine are both fighting over a broken cookie.They both had cookies the same size,but Nicole's broke in half and now Christine thinks that Nicole has more than she does.When the daycare provider shows the girls that they both have equal amounts of cookie,Christine calms down as she now understands.Nicole continues to feel superior,having more cookie than Christine.According to Piaget:

A)Nicole has mastered conservation while Christine has not
B)Christine has mastered conservation while Nicole has not
C)Christine has not acquired an understanding of reversibility
D)Nicole is demonstrating assimilation

Question 58

Which of the following is associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A)the concept of object permanence develops
B)the concept of conservation develops
C)children's thinking displays egocentrism
D)children's thinking becomes abstract

Question 59

Dana's young child sees an older woman at the market and says,"Granny." This woman is not the child's grandmother,and Piaget would say this demonstrates the process of _____________.

A)accommodation
B)assimilation
C)equilibrium
D)object permanence

Question 60

Michael is playing ball with his father when the ball rolls under the sofa.Michael turns his attention to another toy,not even attempting to look under the sofa for the ball.Piaget would say that Michael has:

A)not yet developed object permanence
B)a limited attention span
C)a lack of motor skills needed to retrieve the ball
D)a strong attachment to his father

Question 61

Research studies examining the information-processing variables involved in the memories of young children have found that:

A)preschool children use chunking and rehearsal as often as 8- to10-year olds.
B)preschool children use chunking and rehearsal less effectively and less often than 8- to 10-year olds.
C)preschool children use chunking as well as 8- to 10-year olds,but make less effective use of rehearsal.
D)preschool children use rehearsal as well as 8- to 10-year olds,but make less effective use of chunking.

Question 62

A child is told a story about Bobby,who puts his teddy bear under his bed and then goes outside to play.While he is gone,Bobby's mother comes in to clean his room,finds his teddy bear,and puts it in the closet.When asked where Bobby will look for his teddy bear when he returns,most 2- and 3-year olds will say ____________ and most 4-year olds will say ___________.

A)under the bed; under the bed as well
B)in the closet; in the closet as well
C)under the bed; in the closet
D)in the closet; under the bed

Question 63

Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been criticized on the basis of:

A)the fact that Piaget equated cognitive development with scientific-logical thinking.
B)formal operational thinking (stage 4)is much less common than Piaget suggested.
C)children seem to acquire cognitive skills at the ages that Piaget believed.
D)Piaget's definition of cognitive development generalizes well to other cultures.

Question 64

Which of the following statements regarding Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development is most accurate?

A)Research results suggest that Piaget's model is almost completely accurate and that cognitive development is not influenced by cultural factors.
B)Research results suggest that Piaget's theory was largely inaccurate and invalid.
C)Research results are largely consistent with Piaget's theory,but there are some important limitations and inaccuracies.
D)Research regarding the validity of Piaget's theory has yet to be conducted.

Question 65

With regard to Jean Piaget's stages of development,modern developmental researchers have determined that:

A)most children learn cognitive skills noticeably later than Piaget assumed,a result that may be related to the fact the Piaget observed his own children.
B)within a given stage of development,performance on a wide variety of tasks is largely uniform and consistent.
C)the order of the stages of cognitive development is significantly affected by culture.
D)cultural factors appear to influence cognitive development and Piaget may have been biased in his conceptualization of "cognitive development."

Question 66

Though Jean Piaget assumed that children under the age of 6 to 7 years old have great difficulty understanding other people's mental states,recent studies have suggested that children have some understanding that other people's perspectives can differ from their own by the age of ________.

A)5 years
B)3 to 4 years
C)2 to 3 years
D)2 years

Question 67

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a child in the concrete operational stage if you asked him/her to draw a map specifying the route to school?

A)The child would be unable to do so.
B)The child would be unable to do so,but could physically lead you to the school.
C)The child could draw a basic map of the usual route to school.
D)The child could draw a map outlining an unusual or creative way to school.

Question 68

Research studies examining the information-processing speeds of children have consistently found that processing speeds improve continuously with age,and that the most rapid rate of change occurs between the ages of __________.

A)4 and 6 years
B)10 and 14 years
C)8 and 12 years
D)5 and 9 years

Question 69

Research on Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has found support for all of the following conclusions EXCEPT:

A)Piaget's stages occur in the same order across various cultures.
B)Children acquire many cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget thought.
C)Piaget's definition of cognitive development generalizes well to other cultures.
D)Cognitive development often proceeds inconsistently within any particular stage.

Question 70

During this stage of cognitive development,children are able to easily solve the conservation problems that confused them earlier in life.This is the ________________ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)conventional

Question 71

Some theorists assert that children still learn new and unique ways of processing information as they age,whereas results from studies examining the information-processing abilities of young children are often used to argue that cognitive development is _____________.

A)determined by sensitive periods
B)schema-driven
C)discontinuous
D)continuous

Question 72

A child in the concrete operational stage would typically state that he would place a hypothetical third eye:

A)between her other two eyes
B)on her hand
C)on the back of her head
D)on top of her head

Question 73

A study found that children over age 3 who grew up with older brothers or sisters performed better on a cognitive task than did children with no siblings or younger siblings.This is consistent with the concept of _____________________.

A)zone of proximal development
B)egocentrism
C)animism
D)irreversibility

Question 74

When we compare Piaget's view of cognitive development with the information processing view:

A)both approaches acknowledge the child plays a passive role in their own development
B)both approaches see the child as playing an active role in their own development
C)both approaches view that changes occur abruptly
D)the Piagetian view is that children play an active role whereas in the information processing view the child's role is more passive

Question 75

A researcher who explains a child's poor performance on a cognitive task as being due to the child's inefficient search strategies and the child's lack of awareness of his own cognitive processes would best be described as taking a(n)_______________ approach to cognitive development.

A)Piagetian
B)information-processing
C)behavioural
D)discontinuous

Question 76

The concept theory of mind is most closely related to which of the following constructs?

A)egocentrism
B)zone of proximal development
C)object permanence
D)conservation

Question 77

One of the things that differentiates the formal and concrete operational stages is that during the formal stage:

A)children show evidence of conservation for the first time.
B)children begin to think more flexibly and creatively.
C)children show clear instances of animism in their speech.
D)children assume that everyone in a room has the same view of an object as they do.

Question 78

Two children are in the same stage of cognitive development and both can't solve problems involving conservation of number.However,when one of the children is given assistance,she is able to correctly solve such problems.When the other child receives the same help,he is still unable to solve them.This example best demonstrates:

A)how cognitive and moral reasoning can interact with one another.
B)how early problems with object permanence can influence later development.
C)the importance of egocentrism with regard to problem solving.
D)the concept of a proximal zone of development.

Question 79

Studies examining a child's ability to lie and use deception would most likely be used by developmental researchers to make inferences regarding:

A)the validity of the concept of a zone of proximal development.
B)the specific age at which object permanence develops.
C)the child's egocentrism and theory of mind.
D)the specific age at which conservation develops.

Question 80

Lev Vygotsky's concept of a proximal zone of development distinguishes between:

A)children who have or have not developed object permanence.
B)children who do or do not grasp the concept of conservation.
C)children who can solve problems with or without assistance.
D)children who are or are not egocentric.