Question 1

By themselves, phonemes are ________.&#10;A) syntactical&#10;B) units of prototypes&#10;C) units of meaning&#10;D) meaningless

Accepted Answer

Phonemes are individual units of sound in language that do not have inherent meaning on their own. They must be combined with other phonemes to create words, which then have meaning.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true?&#10;A) Basic concepts do not change over time.&#10;B) Concepts give meaning to new experiences.&#10;C) Concepts and images are basically synonymous.&#10;D) We form new concepts for each new experience.

Accepted Answer

Concepts give meaning to new experiences by allowing us to categorize and make sense of them based on our prior knowledge and understanding. Basic concepts themselves may stay the same, but our interpretation and application of them can evolve over time. C is incorrect because concepts and images are not the same thing, although they can be related. D is also incorrect because we often draw upon existing concepts to make sense of new experiences, rather than creating entirely new ones each time.

Question 3

In the mirror test, which of the following animals is the only one that showed signs of self-recognition and awareness?&#10;A) chimpanzees&#10;B) dogs&#10;C) cats&#10;D) mice

Accepted Answer

The mirror test is a measure of self-awareness where an animal is marked with a dye on its face and then shown its reflection in a mirror. If the animal reacts to the mark on its face as if it is aware that it is its own reflection and not another animal, it is considered to have self-recognition and awareness. Only chimpanzees have consistently shown signs of self-recognition and awareness in the mirror test, while dogs, cats, and mice do not pass the test.

Question 4

Which term does not belong with the others?&#10;A) test-retest&#10;B) split-half&#10;C) reliability&#10;D) validity

Accepted Answer

The terms test-retest, split-half, and reliability all relate to the consistency and stability of data. Test-retest refers to administering the same test to the same group of people at different times to assess if the results are consistent. Split-half refers to dividing the test into two parts and comparing the results of each part to check for consistency. Reliability is a measure of the consistency and stability of a test or measure over time. Validity, on the other hand, refers to the degree to which a test or measure actually measures what it intends to measure, and it does not necessarily relate to consistency or stability over time.

Question 5

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was introduced by ________.&#10;A) Theodor Binet&#10;B) L. M. Terman&#10;C) Morris Stanford&#10;D) David Wechsler

Accepted Answer

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was introduced by L. M. Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University. Binet had originally created the test in France as a way to identify children who needed extra help in school. Terman adapted and expanded the test for use in the United States.

Question 6

After losing a major business account, Samantha begins second-guessing herself by repeatedly thinking, "If only I had changed our contract offer," and "If only I had called them more frequently." Her behavior is an example of ________.

A) counterfactual thinking
B) the confirmation bias
C) hindsight
D) framing

Accepted Answer

Samantha's behavior is an example of counterfactual thinking, which involves mentally altering past events and considering what could have been done differently. She is imagining different outcomes for the situation and blaming herself for not taking different actions in the past.

Question 7

The phenomenon in which among the population as a whole, IQ scores have been steadily increasing over several decades is known as the ________.&#10;A) Flynn Effect&#10;B) Peter Principle&#10;C) Barnum Effect&#10;D) Phi Phenomenon

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon in which IQ scores have been increasing over several decades is known as the Flynn effect, named after James Flynn, who first identified and analyzed this trend. The Peter Principle refers to a phenomenon in which employees in a hierarchical organization are promoted to their level of incompetence, the Barnum Effect refers to the tendency of people to believe personality descriptions that are so general and vague that they could apply to anyone, and the Phi phenomenon refers to the illusion of movement when two adjacent visual stimuli are rapidly alternated.

Question 8

Creative people are ________ than less creative people with equivalent IQ scores.&#10;A) perceived as being more intelligent&#10;B) more intelligent in their actual job performance&#10;C) perceived as being less intelligent&#10;D) less intelligent in their actual job performance

Accepted Answer

Creative people are often perceived as being more intelligent due to their ability to think outside the box and generate innovative ideas, even if their IQ scores are equivalent to less creative individuals.

Question 9

Margo can't close the window in her office, and a strong wind has come up. She complains to John that her papers are blowing and she can't find a paperweight. John takes the empty heavy coffee mug from her bookshelf and puts it on top of her papers to anchor them. Margo has been suffering from ________.

A) inadequate means-end analysis
B) functional fixedness
C) noncompensatory modeling
D) working backward

Accepted Answer

Margo's inability to see the coffee mug as a potential paperweight is an example of functional fixedness, which is the tendency to think of objects only in terms of their traditional functions.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a typical cause of severe retardation?&#10;A) genetically inherited defects such as fragile-X syndrome&#10;B) poor prenatal nutritional habits by the mother&#10;C) genetically-based diseases such as PKU&#10;D) chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome

Accepted Answer

Poor prenatal nutritional habits may cause some developmental delays, but typically do not cause severe retardation. The other choices are all known causes of severe retardation.

Deck 7: Cognition and Mental Abilities