Question 1

The idea that a behavior will increase or decrease based on the consequences that follow that behavior is crucial to ________.&#10;A) operant conditioning&#10;B) insight learning&#10;C) vicarious learning&#10;D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

The principle of consequences shaping behavior is a core concept in operant conditioning, which deals with the way behaviors are learned and modified based on the consequences that follow them.

Question 2

A girl learns that whenever her older brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl's learning is a demonstration of ________.&#10;A) contingency theory&#10;B) classical conditioning&#10;C) social learning theory&#10;D) operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

social learning theory

Question 3

The basic difference between punishment and reinforcement boils down to a difference between ________.&#10;A) conditioned and unconditioned stimuli&#10;B) presenting and removing stimuli&#10;C) stimuli and responses&#10;D) decreasing and increasing response rates

Accepted Answer

Punishment is aimed at decreasing the rate of an undesirable behavior, while reinforcement is aimed at increasing the rate of a desirable behavior.

Question 4

The transfer of a response from a natural stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus, is called ________.&#10;A) modeling&#10;B) desensitization&#10;C) operant conditioning&#10;D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

The transfer of a response from a natural stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus, is a defining characteristic of classical conditioning. Option A (modeling) refers to the learning of new behaviors by observing others, option B (desensitization) refers to the reduction in emotional response to a feared stimulus through gradual exposure, and option C (operant conditioning) is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by reinforcement or punishment.

Question 5

Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.&#10;A) decreases; decreases&#10;B) decreases; increases&#10;C) increases; increases&#10;D) increases; decreases

Accepted Answer

The answer of Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the...

Question 6

&#34;Every morning a train goes by my house at 6:30 when I am just sitting down to breakfast. Lately, however, the train has been coming by at 4:30 and I am having a terrible time getting back to sleep because I'm so hungry.&#34; In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.&#10;A) eating breakfast; hunger&#10;B) the sound of the train; going back to sleep&#10;C) the sound of the train; hunger&#10;D) hunger; eating breakfast

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the sound of the train because it is what is causing the response of hunger. The conditioned response is hunger because it is a learned response to the sound of the train. The morning routine of eating breakfast is not the conditioned stimulus because the hunger is being triggered by the sound of the train, not the act of sitting down to eat breakfast. Going back to sleep is not the conditioned response because it is not a learned response to the sound of the train but rather a natural response to being woken up. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 7

The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called a ________.&#10;A) mental set&#10;B) cognitive map&#10;C) Gestalt&#10;D) perceptual illusion

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is the mental representation of an area or environment, often used for navigation or problem-solving. Mental set refers to a tendency to approach problems or situations in a familiar or habitual way. Gestalt refers to the concept of wholes that are perceived as more than the sum of their parts. Perceptual illusion refers to a misinterpretation or distortion of sensory input.

Question 8

Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?&#10;A) conditioning children who are bullies to be less aggressive&#10;B) conditioning children to be on time for school&#10;C) conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure&#10;D) conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep

Accepted Answer

Biofeedback procedures involve using electronic devices to monitor bodily processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension, and provide feedback to a person about these processes in order to help them learn to control them. Therefore, conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures. The other options involve behavior conditioning rather than physiological conditioning.

Question 9

In classical conditioning, during extinction the ________ is consistently omitted and the ________ gradually disappears.&#10;A) CS; UR&#10;B) UR; CR&#10;C) US; CS&#10;D) US; CR

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, during extinction, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is consistently omitted, leading to the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response (CR).

Question 10

On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the ________.&#10;A) first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed&#10;B) next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred&#10;C) first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed&#10;D) next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred

Accepted Answer

On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed. This means that the time between reinforcements is unpredictable, which can result in high rates of responding because the individual is never quite sure when the next reinforcement opportunity will occur.

Deck 5: Extension: Learning