Question 1

Explicit memory includes ________ memories.&#10;A) episodic and semantic&#10;B) emotional and episodic&#10;C) semantic and procedural&#10;D) procedural and emotional

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory and refers to the conscious recollection of information, including both episodic (specific events and experiences) and semantic (general knowledge and facts) memories. Emotional memories can also be explicit if they are consciously recalled. However, procedural memories (skills and habits) do not require conscious recollection and therefore are not considered explicit memories.

Question 2

When two memory tasks are presented in different sensory modalities (for instance visual and auditory) ________.&#10;A) they are more likely to interfere with each other than if they are in the same modality&#10;B) they are equally as likely to interfere with each other as if they are in the same modality&#10;C) they are less likely to interfere with each other than if they are in the same modality&#10;D) it becomes impossible to accomplish either task efficiently

Accepted Answer

When two memory tasks are presented in different sensory modalities, they are processed in separate areas of the brain and may not interfere with each other as much as if they were in the same modality. This phenomenon is known as the modality effect.

Question 3

Elderly people suffering from Alzheimer's disease have damage to the ________.&#10;A) hypothalamus&#10;B) hippocampus&#10;C) amygdala&#10;D) caudate nucleus

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is responsible for forming new memories and is often damaged in Alzheimer's disease, leading to memory loss. The hypothalamus is involved in regulating body functions such as hunger, thirst, and body temperature. The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions such as fear and aggression. The caudate nucleus is involved in motor function and learning.

Question 4

A possible limitation of Ebbinghaus's studies was that he ________.&#10;A) used only subjects who were already in mental institutions for other mental health problems&#10;B) used only one subject -- himself&#10;C) did not clearly define his independent and dependent variables&#10;D) used no experimental controls

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus's studies were primarily done on himself, which limits the generalizability of the findings to a larger population.

Question 5

Using repetition and deliberate practice to master skills and habits is essential to ________ memories.&#10;A) episodic&#10;B) semantic&#10;C) emotional&#10;D) procedural

Accepted Answer

Repetition and deliberate practice are crucial for mastering procedural memories, which involve learning and executing a specific skill or habit. Episodic memories involve the recollection of personal experiences, semantic memories involve general knowledge and concepts, and emotional memories involve the association of certain emotions with specific events or stimuli.

Question 6

The standard method of storing away largely meaningless material such as phone numbers, birth dates, and people's names is through the use of ________.&#10;A) elaborative rehearsal&#10;B) cognitive schemas&#10;C) rote rehearsal&#10;D) deep processing

Accepted Answer

Rote rehearsal is the repetition of information in order to store it in memory. This is the standard method of storing away largely meaningless material such as phone numbers, birth dates, and people's names. Elaborative rehearsal and deep processing involve making connections or associations with other information, which is not necessarily required for storing this type of material. Cognitive schemas are mental frameworks used for organizing and interpreting information, but they do not directly involve the storage of individual pieces of information.

Question 7

Tim is studying for a test. After seven consecutive hours of studying, he finds he can remember what he just finished studying, but he can no longer remember what he studied five or six hours ago. Tim's memory problems are best explained by ________.

A) retroactive interference
B) proactive interference
C) memory diffusion
D) retrograde amnesia

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when newly learned information interferes with the ability to remember previously learned information. In this case, Tim's ability to remember what he studied five or six hours ago is impaired by the new information he has learned in the subsequent hours of studying.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?&#10;A) Almost all memories are primarily stored in the brain stem.&#10;B) All memories are stored in one place in the brain.&#10;C) Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories.&#10;D) Memories are randomly distributed throughout the brain.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of different types of memories. For example, the hippocampus is important for the formation and retrieval of new episodic memories, whereas the cerebellum is important for the storage of procedural memories. Thus, memories are not randomly distributed throughout the brain, but rather are stored in specialized regions.

Question 9

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three nonsense syllables for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them. If the instructions to recall the syllables came immediately, the students were usually successful. If the instructions came even one second after the syllables were shown, the students were much less successful. The most plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that in the latter case the icon ________.

A) never made it to the sensory registers
B) faded after being stored in short-term memory
C) was already stored in short-term memory
D) faded before being stored in short-term memory

Accepted Answer

The most plausible explanation is that the icon (or visual image of the syllables) faded before being stored in short-term memory, which is why students struggled to recall the syllables if there was even a brief delay in asking them to do so.

Question 10

Retaining information in short-term memory simply by repeating it over and over again is called ________.&#10;A) elaborative rehearsal&#10;B) overlearning&#10;C) rote rehearsal&#10;D) deep processing

Accepted Answer

Retaining information in short-term memory by simply repeating it over and over again is called rote rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal involves relating new information to prior knowledge, overlearning involves continuing to practice and repeat information beyond mastery, and deep processing involves critically analyzing new information and connecting it to prior knowledge.

Deck 6: Memory