Deck 13: Development Over the Life Span

Question 1

How did Margaret and Harry Harlow first demonstrate the importance of contact comfort in the formation of attachment relationships?

Answer 1

A good answer will include the following key points.
− The Harlows raised infant rhesus monkeys with "wire mothers" and "cloth mothers."
− The "wire mothers" had nursing bottles attached.
− The "cloth mothers" were soft, but did not provide food.
− When given a choice between the two "mothers," infants would cling to the "cloth mothers," receiving contact comfort, especially when they were frightened or startled.

Question 2

According to Jean Piaget, at what developmental stage would a child come to understand conservation and cause and effect?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Answer 2

concrete operations

Question 3

Mary Ainsworth devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation in order to determine:

A) the effect of contact comfort on infants.
B) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment.
C) parental discipline styles in the first year of life.
D) the nature of attachment between mothers and babies.

Answer 3

the nature of attachment between mothers and babies.

Question 4

Most children become wary or fearful of strangers between the ages of:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 10 to 12 months.

Question 5

After implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall is complete, the ________ stage of prenatal development begins.

A) germinal
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) uterine

Question 6

Harry learns the schema for a "dog" by playing with his golden retriever. On a trip to a farm, he sees a collie and points, saying "Doggie!" Then he notices a lamb, and says "Doggie!" Explain Jean Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation using this example.

Question 7

Parents all over the world talk in a high pitched, exaggerated "baby talk" when speaking to infants. What is this called? Is it just silly and playful things that adults do around children, or does it appear to have a purpose? Explain.

Question 8

How is the brain influenced by physical exercise and mental stimulation during old age?

Question 9

Julia is planning to have a baby. She finds out from her physician that she needs a vaccination for rubella. Why is it important for her to be vaccinated before she plans to become pregnant?

Question 10

What are the three kinds of problems that, according to your textbook, are more common during adolescence than during childhood or adulthood?

Question 11

Explain Jean Piaget's theory about the ways in which a baby learns about the world during the sensorimotor stage. What did he believe is a major cognitive accomplishment that occurs during this stage?

Question 12

Given the information on alcohol and its effects on the developing baby, what advice would you give to a pregnant friend regarding alcoholic drinks? What evidence could you cite from the textbook to support your view?

Question 13

A person experiences too strong of a sense of guilt over his fantasies. According to Erik Erikson's theory, he had difficulty resolving the inevitable crisis that occurred when he was:

A) an infant.
B) a preschooler.
C) a young adult.
D) in his middle years.

Question 14

What characteristics tend to promote resilience in a child?

Question 15

What differences did Jean Piaget observe in children's thinking between the preoperational stage and the concrete operations stage?

Question 16

Children begin to name objects at about:

A) 3 months of age.
B) 6 months of age.
C) 1 year of age.
D) 3 years of age.

Question 17

The fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether you conform to the social rules of gender, is called:

A) gender typing.
B) gender identity.
C) gender schema.
D) gender development.

Question 18

What differences did Jean Piaget observe in children's thinking between the stages of concrete operations and formal operations?

Question 19

Between the ages of 18 months and 2 years, toddlers begin to produce what some psychologists describe as "telegraphic speech." Describe what telegraphic speech sounds like, and why it was given this name.

Question 20

According to your textbook, which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy?

A) defects in the eyes, ears, and heart
B) smaller brain, facial deformities, lack of coordination
C) increased likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight
D) intellectual disabilities, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 21

The prenatal stage of conception begins with:

A) the maturation of the female ovum and its entry into the fallopian tube.
B) the uniting of the female ovum and the male sperm.
C) the entry of the zygote into the uterus.
D) the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

Question 22

Psychologists who study physiological and cognitive changes across the life span and how these are affected by a person's genetic predispositions, culture, circumstances, and experiences are called:

A) developmental psychologists.
B) humanistic psychologists.
C) maturational psychologists.
D) individualist psychologists.

Question 23

According to Jean Piaget, object permanence develops during the ________ stage.

A) concrete operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 24

According to Erik Erickson, when does the challenge of generativity versus stagnation occur?

A) adolescence
B) preschool
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 25

Which of the following is one of the three kinds of problems that are more common during adolescence than during other developmental stages?

A) conflicts with parents over autonomy
B) physical inactivity and passivity
C) overinflated self-esteem
D) too-little self-esteem

Question 26

The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and behaviours associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture is called:

A) gender typing.
B) gender identity formation.
C) gender schema development.
D) learned gender differences.

Question 27

________ is the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova.

A) Menopause
B) Puberty
C) Menarche
D) Adrenarche

Question 28

During the prenatal stage, the fertilized egg is called a(n):

A) ovum.
B) embryo.
C) fetus.
D) zygote.

Question 29

During the prenatal stage, the fertilized egg is called a(n):

A) ovum.
B) embryo.
C) fetus.
D) zygote.

Question 30

Which of the following is true regarding risk factors related to fathers?

A) Babies of men exposed to workplace chemicals are more likely to be miscarried.
B) Babies of young fathers have an increased probability of autism.
C) Fathers under the age of 25 have three times the risk of conceiving a child who develops schizophrenia as do fathers over the age of 50.
D) There is an increased risk that the babies of teenaged fathers will develop bipolar disorder.

Question 31

________ is the process by which children learn the rules and behaviour expected of them by society.

A) Socialization
B) Maturation
C) Induction
D) Acculturation

Question 32

________ is the sequential unfolding of genetically influenced behaviour and physical characteristics.

A) Socialization
B) Maturation
C) Induction
D) Acculturation

Question 33

The most common consequence of ________ during pregnancy is deafness.

A) alcohol use
B) German measles
C) cigarette smoking
D) cocaine use

Question 34

Based on Mary Ainsworth's studies, ________ children did not care if the mother left the room, made little effort to seek contact with her on her return, and treated a stranger about the same way as the mother.

A) avoidant
B) securely attached
C) anxious
D) ambivalent

Question 35

According to research discussed in your textbook, which of the following is true about resilience?

A) Most children do not recover from adversity.
B) There is something special and rare about people who can recover from adversity.
C) Those with an insecure attachment style recover more easily from adversity.
D) Children are fairly resilient to trauma, especially if they have easygoing temperaments or personality traits.

Question 36

Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language by:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 8 to 12 months.

Question 37

The most common consequence of ________ during pregnancy is deafness.

A) alcohol use
B) German measles
C) cigarette smoking
D) cocaine use

Question 38

Which of the following is one of the functions of the placenta during pregnancy?

A) triggering the division of the zygote
B) preventing nutrients from reaching the embryo
C) secreting testosterone when the embryo is male
D) screening out some, but not all, harmful substances

Question 39

The research by Margaret and Harry Harlow demonstrated a need for ________ in young rhesus monkeys.

A) contact comfort
B) adequate nutrition
C) maternal sensitivity
D) a peer group

Question 40

Fluid intelligence consists of:

A) the kind of intelligence that gives one the ability to do arithmetic and define words.
B) intellectual abilities that develop from one's environment.
C) specific knowledge learned through education and life experiences.
D) the ability to use new information to solve problem.

Question 41

The research by Margaret and Harry Harlow demonstrated a need for ________ in young rhesus monkeys.

A) contact comfort
B) adequate nutrition
C) maternal sensitivity
D) a peer group

Question 42

Eve touches the cheek of her two-month-old daughter, Elise. In response, Elise turns her head toward the touch in search of something to suck. Elise is demonstrating the __________ reflex.

A) sucking
B) contact comfort
C) rooting
D) Babinski

Question 43

Mary Ainsworth devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation in order to determine:

A) the effect of contact comfort on infants.
B) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment.
C) parental discipline styles in the first year of life.
D) the nature of attachment between mothers and babies.

Question 44

Based on Mary Ainsworth's studies, ________ children did not care if the mother left the room, made little effort to seek contact with her on her return, and treated a stranger in about the same way as the mother.

A) avoidant
B) securely attached
C) anxious
D) ambivalent

Question 45

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants:

A) do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return.
B) protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns.
C) cry or protest if the mother leaves the room and welcome her back when she returns.
D) are not concerned upon separation, but cry to be picked up and held on her return.

Question 46

________ is the distress that most children develop when their primary caregivers leave them with strangers.

A) Insecure attachment
B) Separation anxiety
C) Contact discomfort
D) Avoidant attachment

Question 47

________, the pleasure of being touched and held, is important throughout life.

A) Socialization
B) Contact comfort
C) Synchrony
D) Maturation

Question 48

Which of the following outcomes may occur when the mother has German measles (rubella) early in pregnancy?

A) defects in the eye, ear, and heart
B) attention problems and lower IQ
C) increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight
D) intellectual disabilities, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 49

Mary Ainsworth believed that insecure attachment results primarily from the way mothers treat their children during the:

A) first week of life.
B) first month of life.
C) first year of life.
D) first three years of life.

Question 50

Dr. McKenzie decides to perform a Cesarean section in order to avoid potential harm to a baby during birth. She is most likely concerned about the mother's:

A) exposure to lead during the last weeks of pregnancy.
B) outbreak of genital herpes.
C) cigarette smoking just before the onset of labour.
D) consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks per day.

Question 51

Janet and her husband are thrilled as they look into Janet's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the baby is only 1½ inches long and is about 8 weeks along. Janet's baby is at the very end of the ________ stage of prenatal development.

A) embryonic
B) zygote
C) prenatal
D) fetal

Question 52

According to your textbook, which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy?

A) defects in the eyes, ears, and heart
B) smaller brain, facial deformities, and lack of coordination
C) increased likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight
D) intellectual disabilities, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 53

After greeting her relatives at the airport, Joey's mother leaves him with his grandmother and gets the luggage. Eight-month-old Joey becomes fearful of the stranger holding him and begins to cry. This distress would be an example of:

A) insecure attachment.
B) separation anxiety.
C) avoidant attachment.
D) sensorimotor thinking.

Question 54

Which aspect of attachment was demonstrated by Margaret and Harry Harlow using rhesus monkeys as research subjects?

A) power assertion
B) insecure attachment
C) contact comfort
D) egocentrism

Question 55

After the implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall is complete, the ________ stage of prenatal development begins.

A) germinal
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) uterine

Question 56

A(n) ________ further develops the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary form in the embryonic stage.

A) ovum
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) placenta

Question 57

The newborn infant has a number of __________ such as sucking, grasping, and rooting, which aid in his or her survival.

A) cognitive skills
B) traits
C) motor reflexes
D) inborn perceptual abilities

Question 58

Most children become wary or fearful of strangers between the ages of:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 10 to 12 months.

Question 59

The sensory abilities of newborn infants:

A) do not allow them to distinguish contrasts, shadows, or edges.
B) include the ability to see and hear, but not to discriminate tastes and smells.
C) include visual abilities that are much like that of an adult.
D) include the ability to discriminate smells, tastes, and sounds almost immediately.

Question 60

How did infant rhesus monkeys that were raised with both an artificial "wire mother" and an artificial "cloth mother" respond to these objects?

A) They became attached to the artificial mother that supplied milk.
B) They avoided both mothers except when they were hungry.
C) They would not eat or drink, and soon died.
D) They would cling to the "cloth mother," especially when they were frightened or startled.

Question 61

According to Jean Piaget, object permanence develops during the ________ stage.

A) concrete operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 62

Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language by:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 8 to 12 months.

Question 63

In the ________ stage, the infant learns through concrete actions: looking, touching, putting things in the mouth, sucking, and grasping.

A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) formal operations
D) concrete operations

Question 64

A toddler smacks her lips to let her parents know that she wants food. This is an example of:

A) telegraphic speech.
B) parentese.
C) universal grammar.
D) a symbolic gesture.

Question 65

Researchers have found that "baby talk" by parents:

A) helps babies learn the melody and the rhythm of their native language.
B) holds children back from learning real language.
C) promotes telegraphic speech, especially if overused.
D) teaches children the correct grammar of their native language.

Question 66

When researchers compared infants who were in daycare for varying hours each week, they found that:

A) daycare has no significant effect on the security of a child's attachment.
B) even a few hours of daycare per week significantly impacts the security of a child's attachment.
C) thirty or more hours per week in daycare decreases secure attachment.
D) fifteen or more hours per week in daycare decreases secure attachment.

Question 67

According to the anti-innate-module school, which of the following holds true for human language?

A) Experience and culture have no role in language development.
B) Culture is the primary determinant of a language's linguistic structure, rather than an innate grammar.
C) Genetics is the primary determinant of a language's linguistic structure.
D) Major differences between the world's languages can be explained by a "universal grammar."

Question 68

Rakeish was kept locked in a basement for most of his childhood. During this period, he almost never heard a human voice. Finally, he was rescued from this abusive situation. It is likely that Rakeish will:

A) very quickly acquire the ability to speak normally.
B) learn to speak normally after many years.
C) eventually understand speech, but will never be able to talk.
D) never learn to speak normally.

Question 69

Anatolie was raised in a substandard orphanage where he was given little attention. He wasn't adopted until he was 6 years old. Anatolie is ________________ to become insecurely attached to his adoptive parents as compared to a child that did not experience the same level of abandonment and deprivation.

A) no more or less likely
B) slightly less likely
C) more likely
D) much less likely

Question 70

Which of the following is true about language?

A) Any type of communication is a language.
B) All languages involve the making of sounds.
C) Language allows a near infinite number of novel ideas to be communicated.
D) Scientists are surprised that humans evolved to use language, because it probably wasn't very beneficial for our prehistoric ancestors.

Question 71

According to Noam Chomsky, the human brain contains an innate mental module called ________ that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation.

A) telegraphic speech
B) universal grammar
C) object permanence
D) theory of mind

Question 72

In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called:

A) operations.
B) accommodation.
C) conservation.
D) assimilation.

Question 73

Children begin to name objects at about:

A) 3 months of age.
B) 6 months of age.
C) 1 year of age.
D) 3 years of age.

Question 74

Which of the following appears to have the greatest effect on the security of a child's attachment?

A) the child's own genetically-influenced temperament
B) time spent in daycare
C) the mother's sensitivity
D) cultural differences in parenting

Question 75

According to Piaget, the first stage of a child's cognitive development is the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 76

Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says, "Birdie"! Her mother says, "That flies like a bird, Janis, but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying, "Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of:

A) assimilation.
B) preoperational thought.
C) accommodation.
D) egocentric thinking.

Question 77

According to Piaget, during their first year, infants develop ________, the understanding that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it.

A) egocentric thinking
B) accommodation
C) object permanence
D) assimilation

Question 78

What reason might Noam Chomsky give to explain why it is so difficult to teach language to animals?

A) Most animals do not live long enough to acquire language.
B) Animals are not born with a universal grammar.
C) Only humans are capable of communication.
D) Animals have their own languages and do not want to learn ours.

Question 79

In Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called:

A) operations.
B) accommodation.
C) conservation.
D) assimilation.

Question 80

________ refers to a child's first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words.

A) Telegraphic speech
B) Parentese
C) Universal grammar
D) Symbolic gesture