Deck 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States

Question 1

What is one of the weaknesses of the problem-focused theory of dreaming?

Answer 1

A good answer will include the following key points.
- Skeptics doubt that people can actually solve problems or resolve conflicts while asleep.
- Dreams may express problems, but the solutions probably occur after a person awakens.

Question 2

Describe the common effects of amphetamines.

Answer 2

A good answer will include the following key points.
- Wakefulness
- Alertness
- Raised metabolism
- Elevated mood

Question 3

Does hypnosis produce a literal re-experiencing of long-ago events? Explain your answer.

Answer 3

A good answer will include the following key points.
- Hypnosis does not produce a literal re-experiencing of long-ago events.
- When people are regressed to an earlier age, their mental and moral performance remains adult-like.
- Their brain-wave patterns and reflexes do not become childish.
- They act as if they are playing the role of a young child.

Question 4

Describe the changes the human body undergoes as it shifts from deep sleep to REM sleep.

Question 5

What is the purpose of dreaming, according to Sigmund Freud?

Question 6

What is the purpose of dreaming, according to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

Question 7

Explain why your textbook authors state that, "Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist."

Question 8

Describe the common effects of cocaine.

Question 9

Describe the common effects of caffeine.

Question 10

Does hypnosis increase the accuracy of memory? Explain your answer.

Question 11

How common is premenstrual syndrome, or "PMS"? What are the major findings from research on hormones and mood?

Question 12

What is one of the weaknesses of the psychoanalytic theory of dreaming?

Question 13

Hypnosis can be useful in the treatment of psychological and medical problems. List three of these uses.

Question 14

Describe the common effects of nicotine.

Question 15

What is one of the weaknesses of the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

Question 16

What are some of the main effects of sleep deprivation?

Question 17

Define and describe sleep apnea.

Question 18

What is the purpose of dreaming, according to the cognitive theory of dreaming?

Question 19

What biological rhythms are controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)? Where is the SCN located?

Question 20

What is the purpose of dreaming, according to the problem-focused theory of dreaming?

Question 21

Describe the common effects of consuming alcohol.

Question 22

Describe the common effects of tranquilizers.

Question 23

During sleep, periods of rapid eye movement (REM) alternate with non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every:

A) 30 minutes.
B) 50 minutes.
C) 60 minutes.
D) 90 minutes.

Question 24

_______________ is the increased resistance to a drug's effects accompanying continued use.

A) Tolerance
B) Withdrawal
C) Intoxication
D) Reuptake

Question 25

Describe the common effects of opiates.

Question 26

An example of a biological event that follows a circadian rhythm is:

A) the migration of birds.
B) the female menstrual cycle.
C) body temperature.
D) daydreaming.

Question 27

_______________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

A) SAD
B) SCN
C) PMS
D) REM

Question 28

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?

A) breast tenderness
B) cramps
C) irritability and depression
D) water retention

Question 29

The body's biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the:

A) pituitary gland.
B) pineal gland.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of opiates?

A) They are derived from the hemp plant.
B) They cause an intense emotional rush or euphoria.
C) No deaths have been reported due to opiate abuse.
D) Opiate abuse results in cirrhosis of the liver.

Question 31

In _______________, a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during the day.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM behaviour disorder
C) sleep apnea
D) internal desynchrony

Question 32

Describe the common effects of psychedelics.

Question 33

The _______________ theory of dreaming suggests that dreaming is simply a continuation of our daytime thinking.

A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive
C) activation-synthesis
D) problem-solving

Question 34

Describe the common effects of marijuana.

Question 35

When scientists use the term "biological rhythm," they are referring to:

A) a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in the physiological functioning of a living organism.
B) an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C) a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D) a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 36

Which of the following is true about hypnosis?

A) The likelihood of being hypnotized depends mostly on the skill of the hypnotist.
B) Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will.
C) Hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory.
D) A hypnotized person can do things that they could not do otherwise.

Question 37

_______________, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

A) Cortisol
B) Progesterone
C) Serotonin
D) Melatonin

Question 38

The deeper stages of NREM sleep are characterized by:

A) slow, rolling eye movements.
B) highly vivid, unrealistic dreams.
C) slow brain waves called delta waves.
D) muscle paralysis.

Question 39

Delta waves occur during:

A) REM sleep.
B) NREM sleep.
C) paradoxical sleep.
D) waking.

Question 40

"Mental set" refers to:

A) the context in which a person takes a drug.
B) the personality traits of the person taking a drug.
C) a person's expectations about a drug's effects.
D) the genetic characteristics of a person taking a drug.

Question 41

The experience of "jet lag" is the result of a phenomenon called:

A) internal desynchronization.
B) time-zone desynchronization.
C) hormonal rhythm.
D) external desynchronization.

Question 42

The word "circadian" indicates that a circadian rhythm:

A) is generated from within.
B) occurs more frequently than once a day.
C) occurs less frequently than once a day.
D) is about 24 hours in length.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is accurate according to studies of internal desynchronization?

A) When people fly across several time zones, sleep and wake patterns take several days to return to normal.
B) When people fly across several time zones, temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal.
C) Melatonin pills have been shown to be effective in treating desynchronization.
D) When an occupation requires a rotating work schedule, then workers should be switched as frequently as possible.

Question 44

Melatonin treatments have been useful in the treatment of:

A) adolescents showing extreme delays in the onset of puberty.
B) survivors of trauma that experience persistent flashbacks of the terror.
C) depressed individuals who are in need of increased blood sugar levels.
D) disturbed sleep-wake cycles in blind people who lack light perception.

Question 45

_______________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

A) Norepinephrine
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Melatonin

Question 46

The _______________ theory of dreaming has no convincing empirical support.

A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive
C) activation-synthesis
D) problem-solving

Question 47

____________ rhythms reflect the adaptation of organisms to the many changes associated with the rotation of the earth on its axis.

A) Seasonal
B) Circadian
C) Infradian
D) External

Question 48

The structure that serves as our biological clock and controls our circadian rhythms is _______________.

A) the heart with its pacemaker cells
B) the pituitary gland
C) the pineal gland
D) the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 49

Which of the following provides the best definition of consciousness?

A) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B) awareness of ourselves and the environment
C) memory of personally experienced events
D) the intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 50

Most psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on:

A) hormones.
B) the hypothalamus.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) the autonomic nervous system.

Question 51

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Question 52

_______________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night's sleep.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Insomnia
C) Sleep apnea
D) Internal desynchrony

Question 53

_______________ drugs can cause convulsions, heart failure, and death when taken in large doses.

A) Depressant
B) Stimulant
C) Opiate
D) Psychedelic

Question 54

When we say that biological rhythms are endogenous, we mean that:

A) they are generated by an internal biological clock.
B) they are influenced by our environment.
C) they are produced by our heart's rhythm.
D) they are determined by an individual's experience.

Question 55

_______________, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, helps to keep the biological clock in phase with the light-dark cycle.

A) Cortisol
B) Progesterone
C) Serotonin
D) Melatonin

Question 56

Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock, located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the _______________.

A) thalamus
B) corpus callosum
C) occipital lobe
D) hypothalamus

Question 57

Dennis just started working at a factory where he will be expected to work varying shifts. What recommendation should you make to him about shift choices?

A) He should change shifts as seldom as possible once he makes his choice.
B) He should try to get a set routine of morning, afternoon, and night shifts.
C) He should alternate between the night and morning shifts but avoid the afternoon.
D) He should rotate shifts every few weeks to make sure he never settles into one.

Question 58

The body's biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the:

A) pituitary gland.
B) pineal gland.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 59

When scientists use the term "biological rhythm," they are referring to:

A) a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in the physiological functioning of a living organism.
B) an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C) a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D) a biological fluctuation that lasts about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 60

Melatonin is a hormone that:

A) fluctuates on about a 90-minute cycle.
B) is secreted largely during hours of darkness.
C) is secreted largely during hours of daylight.
D) increases alertness and wakefulness.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

A) Hypnotized people can be made to do things against their will.
B) Hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory.
C) Hypnosis can be used to produce age regression.
D) Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth.

Question 62

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?

A) breast tenderness
B) cramps
C) irritability and depression
D) water retention

Question 63

REM sleep normally occurs for the first time:

A) within 10 minutes of falling asleep.
B) after about an hour of sleep.
C) about 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset.
D) after about 3-4 hours of sleep.

Question 64

Judith is startled when her six-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A) REM
B) first
C) third
D) fourth

Question 65

_______________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

A) SAD
B) SCN
C) PMS
D) REM

Question 66

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because:

A) the brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive.
B) the body is very active and restless, but the brain is very inactive.
C) the eyes are open, though the person remains asleep.
D) colourful dreams occur, in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.

Question 67

Controlled studies indicate that _______________ reduces symptoms in people with SAD.

A) phototherapy
B) low levels of negative ions
C) chemotherapy
D) hypnosis

Question 68

Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that _______________ of women have PMS symptoms, such as irritability and depression, predictably over their cycles.

A) fewer than 5 percent
B) about 25 percent
C) about 50 percent
D) about 75 percent

Question 69

_______________ are occasionally emitted by the brain in the third stage of non-REM sleep.

A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Gamma waves
D) Delta waves

Question 70

The deeper stages of NREM sleep are characterized by:

A) slow, rolling eye movements.
B) highly vivid, unrealistic dreams.
C) slow brain waves called delta waves.
D) muscle paralysis.

Question 71

James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid, irregular waves. His blood pressure rises, his heart rate increases, and his skeletal muscles go limp. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

A) James is chronically sleep-deprived and his sleep, like his daytime activities, is abnormal.
B) James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal for the third stage of sleep.
C) James is experiencing unusual sleep because during the day he engaged in strenuous physical activities.
D) James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during REM sleep.

Question 72

When researchers studied whether or not dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep, they found that:

A) it does, but the dreams are shorter and less vivid than in REM sleep.
B) it does, but the dreams are longer and more fantastical than in REM sleep.
C) it does not, unless the person has been chronically sleep deprived.
D) it does not, unless the person is a patient with a severed corpus callosum.

Question 73

During the night, which two types of sleep alternate with each other in cycles that take approximately 90 minutes?

A) alpha sleep and delta sleep
B) Stage 1 sleep and Stage 2 sleep
C) REM sleep and NREM sleep
D) relaxed sleep and alert sleep

Question 74

On average, REM sleep periods last about _______________.

A) 5 minutes
B) 20 minutes
C) 30 minutes
D) 90 minutes

Question 75

_______________ are the short bursts of rapid, high-peaking waves that the brain emits in the second stage of non-REM sleep.

A) Alpha waves
B) Delta waves
C) Sleep spindles
D) Neuro spindles

Question 76

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _______________ minutes.

A) 30
B) 90
C) 150
D) 210

Question 77

During the night:

A) REM sleep periods become longer.
B) delta waves increase.
C) dreaming decreases in frequency.
D) NREM sleep periods involve a more and more active EEG.

Question 78

During sleep, periods of rapid eye movement (REM) alternate with non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every:

A) 30 minutes.
B) 50 minutes.
C) 60 minutes.
D) 90 minutes.

Question 79

_______________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

A) Entrainment
B) Internal desynchronization
C) Seasonal affective disorder
D) Dissociation

Question 80

Traditionally, there are _______________ stages of NREM sleep.

A) two
B) four
C) five
D) six