Deck 19: Motivation and Emotion Part 1

Question 1

Which of the following behaviors is consistent with a drive theory of motivation?

A) eating an apple when hungry
B) eating dessert after a large meal
C) looking up information in the encyclopedia
D) studying hard to earn an "A" on the test

Answer 1

eating an apple when hungry

Question 2

Drive theories of motivation are classified as ____ theories, while incentive theories of motivation are classified as ____ theories.

A) external; internal
B) sociobiological; sociological
C) constrained; unconstrained
D) push; pull

Answer 2

push; pull

Question 3

A bonus of $100.00 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of

A) an incentive.
B) a reward.
C) drive reduction.
D) a motive.

Answer 3

an incentive.

Question 4

Evolutionary theories of motivation suggest that motives result in behaviors that

A) restore homeostasis
B) maximize reproductive success
C) reduce biological needs
D) reduce incentives

Question 5

Food-deprived rats will learn a new response if given nonnutritive, saccharine-sweetened water as a reward. Thus, the sweet-tasting water is motivating even though no actual hunger reduction takes place. This fact raises questions about

A) instinct theories of motivation.
B) sociobiological theories of motivation.
C) incentive theories of motivation.
D) drive theories of motivation.

Question 6

According to drive theory of motivation, if you drink water when you are thirsty, drinking results in

A) drive production and serves as an incentive.
B) drive reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.
C) need production and serves as an incentive.
D) need reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.

Question 7

An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension defines

A) motive.
B) incentive.
C) drive.
D) emotion.

Question 8

A drive is an internal state of

A) equilibrium that is motivating.
B) equilibrium that is nonmotivating.
C) tension that is motivating.
D) tension that is nonmotivating.

Question 9

According to drive theorists, the foremost motivation for all organisms is to

A) achieve self-actualization.
B) maintain homeostasis.
C) ensure their own survival and the survival of their species.
D) experience as much pleasant stimulation as possible.

Question 10

Homeostasis is a state of

A) physiological stability.
B) physiological instability.
C) psychological stability.
D) psychological instability.

Question 11

While ____ theories of motivation emphasize internal factors, ____ theories emphasize external factors.

A) drive; incentive
B) incentive; drive
C) biological; drive
D) incentive; environmental

Question 12

When you are engaging in goal-directed behavior, you may be BEST described as experiencing

A) drive reduction.
B) an incentive.
C) emotion.
D) motivation.

Question 13

An internal state of tension that precedes behavior designed to reduce that tension is referred to as a

A) fugue.
B) drive.
C) need.
D) biostate.

Question 14

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior is referred to as

A) an incentive.
B) a drive.
C) a homeostatic mechanism.
D) an expectancy.

Question 15

Rita has just finished a large meal at her favorite restaurant. Although she is quite full, when the waiter brings the dessert tray, she orders a piece of chocolate cheesecake. In this instance, Rita's behavior is LEAST consistent with

A) incentive theories of motivation.
B) the expectancy-value theory of motivation.
C) the self-awareness theory of motivation.
D) drive theories of motivation.

Question 16

Motives are BEST described as ____ that propel people in certain directions.

A) biological factors
B) social factors
C) drives and incentives
D) needs, wants, interests, and desires

Question 17

Patrick ate a large breakfast. When he arrived for his 8:00 a.m. class the student next to him offered Patrick a large raisin muffin. Even though Patrick was still quite full from breakfast, he ate the muffin that he was offered. In this instance, Patrick's behavior can best be explained using

A) drive theories of motivation.
B) instinctive theories of motivation.
C) incentive theories of motivation.
D) the self-awareness theory of motivation.

Question 18

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior is

A) a motive.
B) a drive.
C) an incentive.
D) a need.

Question 19

Needs, wants, interests and desires that propel people in certain directions are known as

A) drives.
B) motives.
C) incentives.
D) habits.

Question 20

Tension reduction is the goal according to which motivational theory?

A) drive theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) instinct theory
D) incentive theory

Question 21

Levels of ghrelin are increasing in Scott's neural system. You would predict that Scott will

A) become hungry.
B) stop eating.
C) calm down.
D) become nervous.

Question 22

According to K. B. Madsen, most motivation theories identify ____ biological needs.

A) less than 5
B) 10-15
C) 25-30
D) more than 40

Question 23

Animals that have lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

A) go for days without sleep.
B) lose all interest in sex.
C) overeat and become obese.
D) ignore food and often starve.

Question 24

Dr. McCardle has implanted an electrode in the hypothalamus of a rat. When the rat's brain is electrically stimulated, the rat stops eating. The electrode is MOST likely activating the

A) magnocellular hypothalamus.
B) ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) parvocellular hypothalamus.

Question 25

Which of the following does NOT play a role in the neural circuits involved in hunger?

A) GABA
B) serotonin
C) endogenous opiates
D) endogenous cannabinoids

Question 26

A laboratory rat has had part of its hypothalamus destroyed by lesioning. The rat seems to have lost all interest in food and is starving itself, even though there is food available. In this case, it would appear that portions of the

A) lateral hypothalamus have been destroyed.
B) ventromedial hypothalamus have been destroyed.
C) parvocellular hypothalamus have been destroyed.
D) magnocellular hypothalamus have been destroyed.

Question 27

Which category of motives is often acquired through learning and varies depending on an individuals' experience?

A) reproductive
B) survival
C) biological
D) social

Question 28

What do the following have in common: achievement, autonomy, play, and dominance?

A) They are all drives.
B) They are all biological needs.
C) They are all social needs.
D) They are all social-based biological motives.

Question 29

Cannon and Washburn (1912) proposed that hunger is caused by

A) lack of food.
B) stomach contractions.
C) low blood sugar.
D) changes in leptin levels.

Question 30

Which of the following statements best reflects the current view regarding the role of ghrelin in hunger regulation?

A) it is associated with both endocrine and nervous systems, and increased food intake
B) ghrelin levels regulate feelings of satiety in the stomach
C) decreased ghrelin levels are involved in a lower propensity to feel hungry
D) high amounts in the brain have been shown to cause refusal to eat in laboratory rats

Question 31

Dr. Linzle has implanted an electrode in the hypothalamus of a rat. When the rat's brain is electrically stimulated, the rat starts to eat again, even if it has just finished a large meal. The electrode is most likely activating the

A) ventromedial hypothalamus.
B) parvocellular hypothalamus.
C) magnocellular hypothalamus.
D) lateral hypothalamus.

Question 32

Which area of the hypothalamus, containing one group of neurons that are sensitive to incoming hunger signals, and another area that responds to satiety signals, has been singled out as especially important in the regulation of hunger?

A) ventromedial area
B) lateral area
C) arcuate nucleus
D) paraventricular nucleus

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT considered a social need in humans?

A) affiliation
B) aggression
C) nurturance
D) achievement

Question 34

Ghrelin plays a particularly crucial role in

A) stimulating hunger.
B) preventing hunger.
C) balancing glucose levels.
D) balancing insulin levels.

Question 35

If, after brain damage suffered in a car accident, a person gained 50 pounds in two months you would MOST likely suspect damage to the

A) ventromedial hypothalamus.
B) dorsal hypothalamus.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) glucostats.

Question 36

According to motivation theorists, we would expect people generally to be

A) more similar in biological than in social needs.
B) more similar in social than in biological needs.
C) highly varied in both social and biological needs.
D) quite similar in both biological and social needs.

Question 37

Imogene grew up in a small town in northern England, Dexter grew up in a large city in West Germany. You should expect that Imogene and Dexter have

A) the same social needs, but different biological needs.
B) the same biological needs, but different social needs.
C) different biological and social needs.
D) the same biological and social needs.

Question 38

Most motivational theorists divide motives into two categories consisting of

A) want and desire motives.
B) biological and social motives.
C) necessary and unnecessary motives.
D) survival and reproductive motives.

Question 39

In general, contemporary theories regarding brain regulation of hunger tend to focus on which of the following?

A) neural circuits
B) anatomical centers
C) overall size of brain
D) amount of electrical activity in the hindbrain

Question 40

Animals with a surgically destroyed lateral hypothalamus show

A) excessive thirst and consumption of water
B) little or no interest in eating and weight loss
C) excessive overeating and weight gain
D) little or no interest in sex

Question 41

According to glucostatic theory, the level of ____ is a primary control mechanism for the regulation of hunger.

A) cholecystokinin in the bloodstream
B) glucose in the blood
C) lipids in the liver
D) metabolites in the pancreas

Question 42

Janis knows that you have been studying eating behavior in your psychology class and asks you to explain why, in spite of her best interests she always overeats on Thanksgiving day when she is at her parents house. Which of the following would be the LEAST likely claim you would tell her?

A) She consumes more food because of the quantity of food that is presented; the more food served, the more she is likely to eat.
B) She is likely to consume more food because of the variety of food that is presented; the more variety of foods served, the more she is likely to eat.
C) She consumes more food because she is in the presence of other people and tends to linger at the table longer.
D) She consumes more food because in the cooler months insulin levels tend to increase and when insulin levels increase people tend to eat.

Question 43

Which theory proposes that fluctuations in sugar levels in the blood are monitored and influence hunger?

A) drive reduction
B) glucostatic theory
C) incentive theory
D) set-point theory

Question 44

Manipulations that decrease blood glucose level cause ____; manipulations that increase blood glucose level cause ____.

A) an increase in general arousal; a decrease in general arousal
B) a decrease in general arousal; an increase in general arousal
C) a decrease in hunger; an increase in hunger
D) an increase in hunger; a decrease in hunger

Question 45

When Harvey was a child the only time he ate turnips was when he was at his grandmother's house for Christmas dinner. Now, as an adult, Harvey loves the taste of turnips because he associates them with Christmas at his grandmother's house. In this example, Harvey's preference for the taste of turnips could best be explained using principles of

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) homeostatic conditioning.
D) genetic predispositions.

Question 46

According to glucostatic theory, the level of ____ is a primary control mechanism for the regulation of hunger.

A) cholecystokinin in the bloodstream
B) glucose in the blood
C) lipids in the liver
D) metabolites in the pancreas

Question 47

Contemporary theories of hunger focus more on ____ of the hypothalamus rather than on ____ of the hypothalamus.

A) stimulation; destruction
B) destruction; stimulation
C) neural circuits; anatomical centers
D) anatomical centers; neural circuits

Question 48

After consuming food, neural signals from the stomach transmit information to the brain concerning

A) fullness (or the stretching of the stomach wall).
B) satiety (or how rich in nutrients the contents of the stomach are).
C) neither fullness or satiety.
D) both fullness and satiety.

Question 49

Sensory-specific satiety refers to

A) the phenomenon that when there are few foods available the appeal of them can decline quickly.
B) the phenomenon that when there are many foods available the appeal of them can decline quickly.
C) the phenomenon that when there are few foods available the appeal of them can quickly increase.
D) the phenomenon that when there are many foods available people will quickly tire of them and stop eating.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT associated with a decrease in hunger or eating behavior?

A) damage to the lateral hypothalamus
B) a decrease in blood glucose level
C) nervous system information indicating stretching of the stomach walls
D) high levels of leptin in the blood

Question 51

Based on the interaction between glucose levels and insulin levels in the body, you should expect that laboratory rats with artificially reduced levels of insulin will

A) tend to overeat and gain weight.
B) stop eating, but still gain weight.
C) stop eating and lose weight.
D) show an increase in activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Question 52

William, a subject in a psychology experiment, just received an injection that raised his blood glucose level. William is MOST likely to report

A) he feels angry.
B) he feels happy.
C) he feels hungry.
D) he does not feel hungry.

Question 53

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current view regarding the role of leptin in hunger regulation?

A) the presence of leptin in the bloodstream tends to increase feelings of hunger.
B) leptin levels apparently regulate the hunger centers located in the stomach.
C) when leptin levels are high, the propensity to feel hungry diminishes.
D) an excessive amount of leptin in the brain has been associated with obesity in rats.

Question 54

Neurons that are sensitive to sugar levels in the blood are referred to as

A) glucostats.
B) hypothalamic nuclei.
C) rheostats.
D) thalami.

Question 55

When Giselle was in the hospital recently, she received glucose continuously through an intravenous line. As Giselle's blood glucose levels started to rise, she would have begun to

A) experience decreased autonomic arousal.
B) lose interest in food.
C) feel hungry.
D) become agitated.

Question 56

Which of the following would NOT be considered an environmental factor in the regulation of hunger?

A) stress
B) hormonal fluctuations
C) food-related cues
D) learned preferences and habits

Question 57

The hormone produced by fat cells that tends to diminish feelings of hunger when at high levels is

A) insulin.
B) leptin.
C) adrenalin.
D) glucose.

Question 58

Which of the following statements regarding the role of insulin in hunger is least accurate?

A) Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
B) Insulin must be present for cells to utilize glucose.
C) Increased insulin secretion causes increased hunger.
D) Diabetics have too much insulin.

Question 59

Of the brain structures listed below, which one do scientists currently believe plays a larger role than the other structures in the modulation of hunger?

A) ventromedial hypothalamus
B) lateral hypothalamus
C) dorsal hypothalamus
D) paraventricular hypothalamus

Question 60

According to the theory of leptin resistance, overweight people develop

A) reduced responsiveness to the hunger-suppressing effect of leptin
B) increased responsiveness to the hunger-causing effect of leptin
C) reduced levels of glucose due to poor leptin metabolism
D) increased levels of glucose due to poor leptin metabolism

Question 61

Kathy has lost 25 pounds recently through dieting. According to ____ she will have difficulty keeping the weight off because her metabolism will have decreased in order to maintain the fat stores in her body.

A) set-point theory
B) settling-point theory
C) evolutionary theory
D) dietary restraint theory

Question 62

The set point for body weight refers to the

A) lowest possible weight at which the person can survive
B) highest weight the person can attain by unrestricted eating
C) person's current weight
D) person's natural point of stability in body weight

Question 63

Environmental factors associated with the regulation of hunger and eating behavior include all of the following EXCEPT

A) how much time has passed since a person's last meal.
B) the tastiness of available food.
C) a "rumbling" stomach.
D) classical conditioning and observational learning.

Question 64

Obesity is a significant health problem that places individuals at risk for all of the following EXCEPT

A) cardiovascular diseases.
B) hypertension.
C) stroke.
D) fibromylagia.

Question 65

Which of the following is a measure of weight that controls for variations in height and is increasingly used in research on obesity?

A) set point
B) reaction range
C) body mass index
D) obesity quotient

Question 66

Recent surveys indicate that the incidence of obesity in the United States has

A) increased.
B) decreased.
C) remained constant.
D) virtually disappeared.

Question 67

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of stress on eating behavior is LEAST accurate?

A) Stress leads to increased eating in a substantial portion of people.
B) Stress-induced eating appears to be more common among men than among women.
C) Stress-induced eating appears to be more common among chronic dieters.
D) It appears to be stress-induced arousal rather than stress itself that stimulates eating.

Question 68

What theoretical perspective argues that the increase in obesity in humans is a result of the fact that early humans lived in environments in which there was fierce competition for limited, unreliable food resources and that developed a tendency to consume food when it was present?

A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) body-set point
D) settling-point

Question 69

Research suggests that people experiencing high levels of stress are MOST likely to increase their consumption of

A) all foods.
B) tasty foods.
C) highly nutritional foods.
D) low-calorie foods.

Question 70

Mr. Knez is trying to get his 7-year-old daughter to eat some vegetable-fried rice for the first time. Mr. Knez should be most successful in getting his daughter to sample the new dish if he

A) tells his daughter she won't get any desert until she tries some of the fried rice.
B) eats some of the fried rice first, and shows a favorable reaction while he eats it.
C) carefully describes all the ingredients that are in the fried rice.
D) mixes it in with some other food that she enjoys eating.

Question 71

Which pair of individuals would be expected to be MOST similar in body mass index?

A) a husband and wife
B) an adopted child and the adoptive parent
C) two fraternal twins reared together
D) two identical twins reared apart

Question 72

In studies on adult foster children designed to examine the role of genetic disposition in obesity, researchers have found that the foster children

A) were more like their biological parents in weight
B) were more like their foster parents in weight
C) did not resemble either set of parents in weight
D) were more like their half-siblings than either set of parents

Question 73

The fact that the correlation in weight between identical twins reared apart is higher than that between fraternal twins reared together suggests that weight is

A) influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors.
B) influenced more by environmental factors than by genetics.
C) affected equally by genetics and environmental factors.
D) not affected by either genetics or environmental factor.

Question 74

If a body mass index of over 25 is used as the cut off for obesity, then almost ____ of adults the United States are struggling with weight problems.

A) 15 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 66 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 75

Many experts prefer to access obesity in terms of

A) Body Mass Index.
B) kilograms.
C) kilograms divided by height.
D) height divided by weight.

Question 76

Mortality rates among people who are moderately overweight (BMI 25-29.9) are:

A) not elevated in today's population
B) lower than those of slightly overweight people
C) higher than those of obese individuals
D) increasing rapidly

Question 77

The basic idea behind the set-point theory of body weight is that

A) the body monitors fat stores and tries to keep them stable.
B) the body monitors carbohydrate stores and tries to keep them stable.
C) the body monitors protein levels and tries to keep them stable.
D) glucostats are critical in weight control.

Question 78

According to set-point theory, the body monitors the

A) level of fat stores in the body to keep it fairly constant.
B) level of glucose in the bloodstream.
C) basal metabolic rate to keep it constant.
D) activity of the hypothalamus.

Question 79

Dr. Green suggests that when food is plentiful, people have a tendency to overeat, with many people in modern industrialized societies eating excessive amounts of food. Dr. Green's view is most consistent with the

A) biological approach.
B) drive-reduction approach.
C) evolutionary approach.
D) environmental cues approach.

Question 80

What BMI level is typically regarded as an indication of obesity?

A) 25
B) 29
C) 30
D) 35