Deck 1: The Evolution of Psychology Part 1

Question 1

Wundt defined psychology as

A) the scientific study of behavior.
B) the scientific study of the unconscious.
C) the scientific study of the brain.
D) the scientific study of conscious experience.

Answer 1

the scientific study of conscious experience.

Question 2

The two disciplines from which psychology developed were

A) sociology and philosophy.
B) philosophy and physiology.
C) physiology and theology.
D) physiology and sociology.

Answer 2

philosophy and physiology.

Question 3

The world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology is the

A) World Psychology Organization.
B) American Psychological Society.
C) American Psychological Association.
D) Psychologists of North America.

Answer 3

American Psychological Association.

Question 4

Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of

A) physics and physiology.
B) philosophy and physiology.
C) chemistry and physics.
D) philosophy and chemistry.

Question 5

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of

A) observable behavior.
B) conscious experience.
C) unconscious motivation.
D) the functions of behavior.

Question 6

Which of the followings is NOT one of the major contributions of

A) He established the first American psychological journal.
B) He established the first research laboratory for psychology in America.
C) He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in America.
D) He was the first president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 7

The psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in America, founded the first American psychological journal, and was the first president of the American Psychological Association was

A) G. Stanley Hall.
B) William James.
C) John Watson.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 8

According to historians, the "birth" of psychology occurred in

A) 1859 in England.
B) 1879 in Germany.
C) 1883 in the United States.
D) 1909 in the United States.

Question 9

The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is

A) G. Stanley Hall.
B) René Descartes.
C) William James.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 10

The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images was

A) humanism.
B) behaviorism.
C) structuralism.
D) functionalism.

Question 11

The "birth" of psychology as a science occurred in ____ when ____.

A) 1859; Darwin published the theory of natural selection
B) 1879; Wundt established the first laboratory for psychological research
C) 1890; James published the textbook Principles of Psychology
D) 1900; Freud first described the unconscious

Question 12

Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be

A) questioning the nature of existence.
B) studying stimulus-response associations.
C) determining people's unconscious motivation for behavior.
D) examining people's awareness of their immediate experience.

Question 13

The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience is MOST closely linked with

A) William James.
B) Wilhelm Wundt.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) John B. Watson.

Question 14

The person who established America's first psychological research laboratory and who launched America's first psychology journal was

A) John Watson.
B) William James.
C) G.Stanley Hall.
D) Edward Titchener.

Question 15

In a discussion with your professor she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea MOST indicative of?

A) behaviorism
B) functionalism
C) structuralism
D) psychoanalysis

Question 16

Kesha is a member of the world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology. Kesha is MOST likely a member of the

A) World Psychology Organization.
B) American Psychological Society.
C) Psychologists of North America.
D) American Psychological Association.

Question 17

The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) G. Stanley Hall.
C) William James.
D) John Watson.

Question 18

While the term psychology has existed since at LEAST the early 1700s, psychology did not come to be considered a science until

A) the 1750s.
B) the early 1800s.
C) the late 1800s.
D) the 1940s.

Question 19

Introspection was MOST likely to be used by

A) humanist psychologists.
B) behaviorist psychologists.
C) structuralist psychologists.
D) functionalist psychologists.

Question 20

According to your textbook author, one factor that contributed to both the birth of psychology in Germany and the rapid growth of psychology in the United States toward the end of the 19^th century is that

A) intellectual climates in both countries favored the development of new nonscientific approaches.
B) many American students choose to study in Germany.
C) resources were available for expansion and universities climates were open to the development of new disciplines.
D) Wilhelm Wundt was a tireless scholar who generated numerous books and articles while establishing the APA in 1892.

Question 21

Of the following, the concept that is LEAST closely associated with functionalism is

A) mental testing.
B) stream of consciousness.
C) adapting to the environment.
D) elements of consciousness.

Question 22

The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior was

A) functionalism.
B) behaviorism.
C) neodynamism.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 23

The "school" of psychology that states that the task of psychology is to analyze conscious experience into its basic elements is

A) behaviorism.
B) functionalism.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) structuralism.

Question 24

Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of

A) structuralism.
B) functionalism.
C) behaviorism.
D) humanism.

Question 25

If while watching an exquisite sunset you stop and analyze your sensations, thoughts, and feelings, you would be performing introspection as the ____ once did.

A) structuralists
B) behaviorists
C) functionalists
D) psychoanalysts

Question 26

The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology was

A) structuralism.
B) behaviorism.
C) functionalism.
D) pragmatism.

Question 27

Wundt and Titchener believed that psychology should

A) only study observable behavior.
B) analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
C) focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D) study the function or purpose of consciousness.

Question 28

Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's views are MOST consistent with those of

A) William James.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Edward Titchener.

Question 29

Stressing that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure is associated with the school of psychology known as

A) structuralism.
B) functionalism.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) Gestalt psychology.

Question 30

Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is MOST likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain

A) if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
B) by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
C) if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
D) if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.

Question 31

The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was

A) existential awareness.
B) stream of consciousness.
C) transcendental meditation.
D) phenomenological flow.

Question 32

Dr. Rice believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the purpose that the conscious experiences associated with emotions play in survival and adaptation. Dr. Rice's views are MOST consistent with those of

A) Edward Titchener.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) William James.

Question 33

Dr. Yang is studying pain perception. She argues that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. Which early school of psychology is Dr. Yang's views MOST like?

A) structuralism
B) behaviorism
C) functionalism
D) humanism

Question 34

In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called

A) introspection.
B) retrospection.
C) empiricism.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 35

Which of the following was LEAST likely to be the focus of study for the functionalists?

A) mental testing
B) development in children
C) sensation and perception
D) the effectiveness of educational practices

Question 36

The method used to examine the contents of consciousness by early psychologists that involved the careful systematic self-observation of your own conscious experience is known as

A) introspection.
B) behaviorism.
C) structuralism.
D) natural selection.

Question 37

If you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet, etc.) you would be utilizing the technique of

A) introspection.
B) behaviorism.
C) functionalism.
D) empiricism.

Question 38

The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was

A) Mary Calkins.
B) Margaret Washburn.
C) Leta Hollingworth.
D) Anna Freud.

Question 39

Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with

A) the behaviorist approach to psychology.
B) the functionalist approach to psychology.
C) the structuralist approach to psychology.
D) the psychoanalytic approach to psychology.

Question 40

Melissa is participating in a study in which she is asked to carefully observe and report her conscious reactions to several stimuli. Melissa is MOST likely participating in a study conducted by a

A) humanist psychologist.
B) behaviorist psychologist.
C) structuralist psychologist.
D) psychoanalytic psychologist.

Question 41

James believed that psychology should

A) only study observable behavior.
B) analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
C) focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D) study the function or purpose of consciousness.

Question 42

William James was significantly influenced in his approach to studying psychology by

A) Aristotle.
B) Plato.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Charles Darwin.

Question 43

Functionalism was founded by

A) John Watson.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) William James.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 44

The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose.

A) behaviorists
B) humanists
C) functionalists
D) structuralists

Question 45

The "school" of psychology that has a practical focus and is interested in how people adapt their behavior to the demands of the world is

A) psychoanalysis.
B) behaviorism.
C) functionalism.
D) structuralism.

Question 46

Liserel is a graduate student who believes that the best approach to the study of psychology is to focus exclusively on the unconscious determinants of behavior. Liserel's views toward the study of psychology match those of

A) the psychoanalytic perspective.
B) the cognitive perspective.
C) the humanistic perspective.
D) the structuralist perspective.

Question 47

Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called

A) behavior modification.
B) primal therapy.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) rational-emotive therapy.

Question 48

The concept of "stream of consciousness" is associated with

A) John Watson.
B) William James.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 49

Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by

A) studying observable behavior.
B) analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements.
C) focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D) studying the function or purpose of consciousness.

Question 50

Darwin's theory of natural selection had a significant influence on the development of

A) functionalism.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) structuralism.
D) behaviorism.

Question 51

People resisted psychoanalysis mainly because of its emphasis on

A) unconscious motivation.
B) introspection.
C) the role of heredity.
D) stimulus-response associations.

Question 52

Which of the following did not have a significant influence on the development of Freud's theory?

A) knowledge gained as a result of working with patients
B) the results of his experimental research
C) knowledge gained from his examination of his own anxieties, conflicts, and desires
D) his observation of the slips of the tongue people tend to make

Question 53

Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two important contributions to the discipline that includes the development of

A) behaviorism and applied psychology.
B) psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
C) behaviorism and introspection.
D) women psychologists and applied psychology.

Question 54

You act impulsively, then wonder why. Freud would tell you that your behavior was influenced by your

A) unconscious mind.
B) conscious mind.
C) inability to think quickly.
D) lack of rational thought.

Question 55

Which of the following was not one of the reasons why psychoanalysis was controversial when it was first developed?

A) its focus on the unconscious
B) its emphasis on sexual issues
C) its focus on humans
D) its lack of experimental research

Question 56

Freud believed that we are often not the masters of our own mind because of

A) introspection.
B) the physiological functioning of our bodies.
C) environmental influences acting on us.
D) the unconscious.

Question 57

The major departure of Freud's position from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that he

A) saw abnormal behavior as resulting from biological causes.
B) saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior.
C) proposed the existence of free will.
D) emphasized environmental forces on behavior.

Question 58

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by

A) unrealistic demands from family and friends.
B) personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level.
C) genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way.
D) conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints.

Question 59

Which of the following statements about Freud's psychoanalytic theory is MOST accurate?

A) Freud's views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on current mainstream psychology.
B) Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology.
C) Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on other areas of mainstream psychology.
D) Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology.

Question 60

People resisted psychoanalysis because of the suggestion that people are not masters of their own minds and because of Freud's proposal that behavior is influenced by how people cope with

A) unconscious motivation.
B) sexual urges.
C) heredity.
D) stimulus-response associations.

Question 61

According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by

A) heredity.
B) personal motives.
C) the environment.
D) unconscious desires.

Question 62

Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements?

A) Human behavior is primarily caused by inherited factors.
B) Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
C) Human behavior is primarily caused by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors.
D) No one really knows what the primary causes for human behavior are.

Question 63

Behaviorism was founded by

A) Wilhelm Wundt.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) John Watson.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 64

While psychoanalysis was originally ____, with the passage of time many psychoanalytic concepts came to be ____ by mainstream psychology.

A) controversial; rejected
B) controversial; accepted
C) accepted; rejected
D) only accepted by behaviorists; accepted

Question 65

Response is to stimulus as

A) pain is to cut.
B) light is to moth.
C) joke is to laugh.
D) pen is to paper.

Question 66

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals?

A) It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans.
B) In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans.
C) With research on animals, there are no ethical issues to be concerned with.
D) A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject.

Question 67

The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiability of observation was

A) structuralism.
B) functionalism.
C) behaviorism.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 68

The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of

A) psychoanalysis.
B) functionalism.
C) structuralism.
D) behaviorism.

Question 69

Lynelle is crying because her brother just punched her in the arm. Lynelle's mother asks her what she did just before she was punched. In looking for a link between her daughter's actions and her son's response to those actions, Lynelle's mother is using the type of analysis that would be typical in

A) the structuralist approach to the study of psychology.
B) the functionalist approach to the study of psychology.
C) the behaviorist approach to the study of psychology.
D) the psychoanalytic approach to the study of psychology.

Question 70

John B. Watson argued that psychologists should

A) use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness.
B) be concerned with the purposiveness (function) of behavior.
C) confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill.
D) abandon the study of consciousness.

Question 71

According to a behaviorist, an overt (observable) response or activity by an organism is

A) behavior.
B) the unconscious.
C) behaviorism.
D) a stimulus.

Question 72

Watson defined psychology as

A) the scientific study of behavior.
B) the scientific study of the unconscious.
C) the scientific study of the brain.
D) the scientific study of conscious experience.

Question 73

Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are MOST consistent with the

A) behaviorist view of psychology.
B) structuralist view of psychology.
C) functionalist view of psychology.
D) psychoanalytic view of psychology.

Question 74

Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Christine would MOST likely be considered a

A) behaviorist.
B) structuralist.
C) psychoanalyst.
D) Gestalt psychologist.

Question 75

Another name for the behavioral approach in psychology is

A) stimulus-response psychology.
B) structuralism.
C) applied psychology.
D) Gestalt psychology.

Question 76

With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?

A) Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
B) In order to understand behavior, one must understand the motives behind the behavior.
C) Behavior can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual's interpretation of experience.
D) Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.

Question 77

Watson believed that psychology should

A) only study observable behavior.
B) analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
C) focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D) study the function or purpose of consciousness.

Question 78

The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed is

A) humanism.
B) behaviorism.
C) structuralism.
D) functionalism.

Question 79

The type of psychologist who would be MOST likely to study rats in a laboratory setting would be a

A) behaviorist.
B) structuralist.
C) psychoanalyst.
D) Gestalt psychologist.

Question 80

The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was

A) behaviorism.
B) structuralism.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) Gestalt psychology.