Deck 8: Sensation and Perception Part 2

Question 1

The auditory receptor cells are the

A) cochlea.
B) ossicles.
C) hair cells.
D) basilar membrane.

Answer 1

hair cells.

Question 2

The correct order that auditory information travels as sounds enter the ear is from the auditory canal to

A) cochlea - oval window - ossicles - eardrum.
B) cochlea - ossicles - oval window - eardrum.
C) eardrum - ossicles - oval window - cochlea.
D) eardrum - oval window - ossicles - cochlea.

Answer 2

eardrum - ossicles - oval window - cochlea.

Question 3

Sound waves that have a high frequency are perceived as ____ than sound waves with a low frequency.

A) having a lower pitch
B) having a higher pitch
C) louder
D) softer

Answer 3

having a higher pitch

Question 4

If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in

A) loudness.
B) pitch.
C) decibels.
D) timbre.

Question 5

The fluid-filled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing is the

A) cochlea.
B) ossicles.
C) middle ear.
D) basilar membrane.

Question 6

The theory of hearing that views the basilar membrane as being like a drumhead is

A) place theory.
B) timpani theory.
C) frequency theory.
D) opponent process theory.

Question 7

Imagine that human neurons reach a maximum firing rate of 5000 impulses per second, rather than only 1000 impulses per second. Using the volley principle, this would mean that

A) place theory could explain the full range of human pitch perception.
B) neither frequency theory nor place theory could fully explain human pitch perception.
C) frequency theory could explain the full range of human pitch perception.
D) both place theory and frequency theory would be necessary to fully explain human pitch perception.

Question 8

The maximum firing rate for individual neurons is 1000 neural impulses per second. This biological limitation would make it difficult for

A) place theory to fully explain pitch perception.
B) opponent-process theory to fully explain color perception.
C) trichromatic theory to fully explain color perception.
D) frequency theory to fully explain pitch perception.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes how we hear according to place theory?

A) Different sound frequencies vibrate different portions of the basilar membrane, producing different pitches.
B) Our perception of pitch corresponds to the rate or frequency at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates.
C) We perceive differences in pitch according to the number of hair cells that vibrate at any one time.
D) Different sound frequencies affect the intensity with which the eardrum vibrates, producing different pitches.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a structure of the inner ear?

A) basilar membrane
B) eardrum
C) oval window
D) cochlea

Question 11

The main function of the middle ear is to

A) amplify sounds.
B) collect sounds.
C) conduct sounds.
D) convert sounds into neural impulses.

Question 12

You can detect the difference between a musical note played on a trumpet and the same note played on a trombone because the two instruments have a different

A) timbre.
B) key.
C) pitch.
D) loudness.

Question 13

If Professor Trong were to argue that we discriminate different pitches because sound waves of different frequency displace different regions on the basilar membrane, which theory of auditory perception would Dr. Trong be arguing?

A) place
B) frequency
C) volley
D) opponent process

Question 14

If a piano player softly taps a key and then hits the same key with a lot of force the second note will sound louder because of a difference in the ____ of the sound wave.

A) frequency
B) wavelength
C) amplitude
D) timbre

Question 15

Imagine that the basilar membrane in the human ear were longer. Based on place theory, you might expect that humans would be able to

A) hear a wider range of sounds, especially high frequency sounds.
B) hear a wider range of sounds, especially low frequency sounds.
C) detect sound waves that had a lower amplitude.
D) localize sounds more accurately.

Question 16

The volley principle suggests that

A) spreading effects from one semicircular canal to another interact to produce pitch perception for frequencies higher than 5,000 Hz.
B) ossicles of the middle ear "echo" or "volley" auditory transmission back and forth to stimulate hair cells.
C) sound localization is an interpretation of time discrepancies between the time when the same sound reaches each ear.
D) groups of auditory neurons are able fire neural impulses in rapid succession, sending signals that exceed the firing rate of any single neuron.

Question 17

The frequency theory of pitch perception is flawed because

A) structurally, it is impossible for the basilar membrane to vibrate.
B) neurons cannot fire fast enough to account for hearing tones higher than 1,000 cycles/second.
C) it places the transduction process in the semicircular canals and not the cochlea.
D) the action of the ossicles interacting with the auditory nerve was misidentified.

Question 18

According to place theory, the ability to hear pitch corresponds to

A) specific hair cells being stimulated along the length of the semicircular canals.
B) vibrations occurring at specific locations down the length of the basilar membrane.
C) the entire cochlea vibrating at a speed equivalent to the wavelengths the ear is being stimulated with.
D) differential movement of specific ossicles.

Question 19

The actual, direct receptors for hearing are the

A) ossicles.
B) cochleas.
C) hair cells.
D) basilar cells.

Question 20

Humans can hear sounds ranging in frequency from

A) 10-120 dB.
B) 20-2000 dB.
C) 200-2000 Hz.
D) 20-20,000 Hz.

Question 21

Auditory localization is to hearing as

A) size constancy is to vision.
B) optical illusion is to vision.
C) retinal disparity is to vision.
D) depth perception is to vision.

Question 22

If you are sitting in a room facing exactly north, and a sound emanates exactly from the south, you will perceive the sound as coming from

A) either the north or the south.
B) either the east or the west.
C) directly over your head.
D) all directions at the same time.

Question 23

The place theory of pitch perception BEST accounts for the perception of ____ frequency sounds.

A) low
B) medium
C) high
D) all

Question 24

Which theory of hearing states that the perception of pitch depends on the rate at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates?

A) gate theory
B) place theory
C) frequency theory
D) opponent process theory

Question 25

The rods and cones are to vision as the taste buds are to

A) olfaction.
B) kinesthesia.
C) gustation.
D) flavation.

Question 26

Clifford was in an accident and he has lost all the hearing in his right ear. The deafness in this ear will mostly affect Clifford's ability to

A) localize sounds accurately.
B) separate speech sounds from background noise.
C) detect high frequency sounds.
D) detect high amplitude sounds.

Question 27

Place theory suggests that receptor cells

A) along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the frequency of a sound.
B) at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different frequencies.
C) along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the loudness of a sound.
D) at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different loudness.

Question 28

If a sound source is coming from your right side, your right ear will "hear"

A) a louder sound than your left ear will "hear."
B) a softer sound than your left ear will "hear."
C) a more complex sound than your left ear will "hear."
D) the sound after your left ear "hears" the sound.

Question 29

Pitch perception can best be explained by ____ for very low-pitched sounds, ____ for very high-pitched sounds, and ____ for pitches in the middle range.

A) place theory; frequency theory; place theory
B) frequency theory; both theories; place theory
C) place theory; both theories; frequency theory
D) frequency theory; place theory; both theories

Question 30

Which statement about the gustatory system is NOT accurate?

A) Taste cells are concentrated in taste buds on the tongue.
B) The physical stimulus for taste is any molecular substance.
C) Taste cells live only about ten days.
D) Taste cells are not distributed evenly across the surface of the tongue.

Question 31

You would predict from a knowledge of distance cues that accuracy of localizing sounds would be poorest for a source

A) 90 degrees to the right.
B) 90 degrees to the left.
C) 45 degrees to the front left.
D) directly in front of the person.

Question 32

The sense associated with the perception of taste is referred to as the

A) gustatory system.
B) olfactory system.
C) vagus system.
D) vestibular system.

Question 33

Taste signals are routed through the thalamus and onto the insular cortex in the

A) temporal lobes.
B) frontal lobes.
C) parietal lobes.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic tastes?

A) salty
B) citrus
C) sweet
D) bitter

Question 35

Two important cues that people use to locate the source of a sound are the

A) loudness and pitch of the sounds arriving at each ear.
B) loudness and timing of the sounds arriving at each ear.
C) timbre and timing of the sounds arriving at each ear.
D) pitch and timbre of the sounds arriving at each ear.

Question 36

The loudness difference between the two ears is greatest when the sound source is

A) directly behind the listener's head.
B) directly in front of the listener.
C) a long distance away.
D) well off to one side.

Question 37

Juan and Karletta were walking one night when they heard a car backfire. Juan was convinced the sound came from directly in front of them, and Karletta was convinced the sound came from directly behind them. One reason they might have difficulty localizing the sound is

A) the sound waves would have arrived at both ears at the same instant.
B) we are able to judge distance better than direction for sounds.
C) sound localization is more difficult in the dark.
D) only speech sounds can be accurately localized.

Question 38

Dan was able to tell that the voice he heard calling his name was coming from the building on his left because of

A) auditory localization.
B) depth perception.
C) perceptual constancy.
D) perceptual set.

Question 39

Given our present knowledge concerning pitch perception, which theory seems more accurate?

A) frequency theory
B) place theory
C) neither the frequency nor place theory are plausible
D) both the frequency and place theory are partly correct

Question 40

The two major cues we use to localize sound sources in space are

A) distance and loudness.
B) intensity and timing differences at the ears.
C) pitch and loudness differences at the ears.
D) loudness and timbre differences at the ears.

Question 41

Supertasters are

A) less likely to be fond of sweets and also less likely to consume high-fat foods.
B) more likely to be fond of sweets but less likely to consume high-fat foods.
C) less likely to be fond of sweets but more likely to consume high-fat foods.
D) more likely to be fond of sweets and also more likely to consume high-fat foods.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary tastes?

A) salty
B) sour
C) spicy
D) sweet

Question 43

The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as

A) smell buds.
B) gustatory bulbs.
C) olfactory cilia.
D) sciatic receptors.

Question 44

Compared to nontasters, people characterized as supertasters have

A) about 10 times as many taste buds per square centimeter.
B) three or four additional types of taste buds.
C) about 4 times as many taste buds per square centimeter.
D) taste buds in more locations within their mouth and throat.

Question 45

One key gender difference that has been found with respect to tasting is that

A) men are more likely than women to be supertasters.
B) women tend to react more to sweet tastes while men react more to bitter tastes.
C) men tend to react more to sweet tastes while women react more to bitter tastes.
D) women are more likely than men to be supertasters.

Question 46

Of the following, the only sensory system that does not project upward to the cerebral cortex through the thalamus, is

A) vision.
B) hearing.
C) gustation.
D) olfaction.

Question 47

Mike broke his nose in a recent boxing match. The doctors packed his nose and told him he will need to breathe through his mouth for the next 10 to 14 days. Mike is likely to find that while his nose is packed,

A) food will taste better because his sense of taste will be temporarily enhanced to compensate for his missing sense of smell.
B) he will have problems with his equilibrium and balance.
C) food will have little taste because much of a food's flavor depends on our sense of smell.
D) he will have trouble detecting motion because the main pathway to his superior colliculus will be blocked.

Question 48

The physical stimuli for the sense of taste

A) are chemical substances that are insoluble in water.
B) are chemical substances that are soluble in water.
C) are the vibrations of molecules.
D) are tactile stimulation.

Question 49

Our sense of smell shows evidence of sensory adaptation. The perceived strength of an odor usually

A) fades to less than half its original strength within about four minutes.
B) increases to more than twice its original strength within about four minutes.
C) fades to less than half its original strength within a few seconds.
D) slowly increases over time, reaching a maximum in about 15 minutes.

Question 50

Food generally tastes bland when you have a severe head cold because

A) your cold will cause the sweet receptors in your mouth to become inactivated.
B) your high temperature will cause your brain to block signals from the taste buds in the mouth.
C) because your naturally produced antibodies interfere with chemical molecules stimulated by your taste buds.
D) flavor is influenced by smell as well as taste, and with a reduced sense of smell your sense of taste will be diminished.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning supertasters?

A) Supertasters tend to react negatively to the taste of both alcohol and cigarette smoke.
B) Supertasters tend to react positively to the taste of both alcohol and cigarette smoke.
C) Supertasters tend to react negatively to the taste of alcohol, but positively to the taste of cigarette smoke.
D) Supertasters tend to react positively to the taste of alcohol, but negatively to the taste of cigarette smoke.

Question 52

The receptor cells for the sense of taste are the ____, which are located on the ____ of the tongue.

A) taste cells; taste buds
B) taste cells; bottom
C) taste cilia; taste buds
D) taste cilia; bottom

Question 53

Our perception of the flavor of food is dependent on

A) the sense of smell only.
B) the sense of taste only.
C) either the sense of smell or taste.
D) both the senses of smell and taste.

Question 54

Lynne is much more sensitive to sweet and bitter substances than her husband George. Lynne is best characterized as a ____ and George may be considered a(n) ____.

A) normal; nontaster
B) supertaster; nontaster
C) supertaster; insensitive
D) supersensitive; insensitive

Question 55

Newborn infants react ____ to sweet tastes and ____ to strong sour tastes.

A) neutrally; negatively
B) positively; neutrally
C) positively; positively
D) positively; negatively

Question 56

One health disadvantage identified for supertasters is that they respond negatively to the taste of

A) most fruits.
B) dairy products.
C) many vegetables.
D) whole-grain products.

Question 57

The sense associated with the perception of smell is

A) gustation.
B) olfaction.
C) kinesthesia.
D) audition.

Question 58

A brain injury that affects an individual's ability to process different tastes MOST likely affected the

A) frontal lobes.
B) hypothalamus.
C) temporal lobes.
D) parietal lobes.

Question 59

Unlike the other sensory systems, perceptual preferences for the sense of ____ are strongly influenced by social processes.

A) vision
B) smell
C) taste
D) touch

Question 60

Eloise is an individual who is classified as a supertaster. She is likely to be especially sensitive to

A) sweet and salty tastes.
B) sweet and bitter tastes.
C) salty and sour tastes.
D) sour and bitter tastes.

Question 61

If Professor Gannon were to argue that incoming pain sensations must pass through an opening in the spinal cord and that this opening could be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals, which theory would Dr. Gannon be arguing?

A) place
B) frequency
C) volley
D) gate

Question 62

Cells in the nervous system that report touch show all of the following EXCEPT

A) localization for areas of the skin.
B) unlimited life span.
C) center-surround receptive fields.
D) sensory adaptation.

Question 63

There is ample research evidence to suggest that odors can have a profound effect on

A) mood, but not cognition.
B) both mood and cognition.
C) cognition, but not mood.
D) neither mood nor cognition.

Question 64

Derek dropped a hammer on his foot and shrieked a split second later at the intense pain from a newly broken toe. The almost instantaneous pain signals traveled along

A) thin, unmyelinated C fibers.
B) gated endorphin pathways in the hypothalamus.
C) periacqueductal gray neurons in the midbrain.
D) thick, myelinated A-delta fibers.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary skin sensations?

A) pressure
B) pain
C) temperature
D) wetness

Question 66

In one study that investigated the impact of scent, researchers found that subliminal exposure to a citrus-scented cleaning solution led participants to

A) drink more citrus-flavored beverages.
B) develop a dislike for citrus-flavored beverages.
C) clean their immediate environment less frequently.
D) keep their immediate environment cleaner.

Question 67

Stimulation of sensory receptors of the skin is processed by the

A) septal cortex, which is located in the cerebellum.
B) limbic system, which is located in the hypothalamus.
C) somatosensory cortex, which is located in the parietal lobes.
D) medial forebrain bundle, which is located in the temporal lobes.

Question 68

A variety of physical stimuli including mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy are the stimuli for the sense of

A) touch.
B) smell.
C) taste.
D) both taste and smell.

Question 69

A theory that can account for the fact that people suffering from pain sometimes report pain relief from a sugar pill placebo is

A) gate-control theory.
B) sensory adaptation theory.
C) perceptual constancy theory.
D) cognitive control theory.

Question 70

Skin patches are to touch as ____ are to vision.

A) cones
B) rods
C) receptive fields
D) feature detectors

Question 71

Pain messages transmitted to the brain through the fast pathway are associated with ____, while messages transmitted through the slow pathway are associated with ____.

A) external; internal
B) internal; external
C) sharp pain; a longer-lasting aching pain
D) a longer-lasting aching pain; sharp pain

Question 72

Neural transmission in the slow pain pathway depends on

A) thicker, myelinated neurons called A-delta fibers.
B) thin, unmyelinated neurons called C fibers.
C) pulsating neural impulses called pain spindles.
D) opponent process receptors in the area surrounding the injury.

Question 73

Cells in the nervous system that respond to touch sensation convey touch information from a specific area of skin or from a

A) receptive field.
B) focal point.
C) target area.
D) tactile trigger.

Question 74

The only sensory system that does not send information to the thalamus before it is sent to the cortex is

A) vision.
B) hearing.
C) taste.
D) smell.

Question 75

The pathway for pain that results in the experience of pain being less localized and longer lasting is the

A) thalamic pathway.
B) endorphin pathway.
C) slow pathway.
D) generic pathway.

Question 76

Efforts to identify the primary qualities of smell have

A) identified two primary qualities.
B) identified four primary qualities.
C) identified over 100 primary qualities.
D) been unsatisfactory.

Question 77

The olfactory cilia are the

A) receptors for the sense of smell.
B) receptors for the sense of taste.
C) physical stimuli for the sense of smell.
D) physical stimuli for the sense of taste.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary qualities of touch?

A) warmth
B) cold
C) wetness
D) pressure

Question 79

Catelin has had a slow throbbing pain in her ankle since she twisted it roller blading last week. These pain signals are traveling along

A) ungated endorphin pathways in the hypothalamus.
B) thin, unmyelinated C fibers.
C) thick, myelinated A-delta fibers.
D) periacqueductal gray neurons in the midbrain.

Question 80

Research which has investigated odor recognition has found that

A) males tend to be somewhat more accurate than females on these types of tasks.
B) females can detect odors at weaker levels, but males are better at naming the odor.
C) females tend to be somewhat more accurate than males on these types of tasks.
D) males can detect odors at weaker levels, but females are better at naming the odor.