Deck 6: Economically Motivated Offenders Psychology of Criminal Behaviour

Question 1

In Canada,prostitution laws dictate that:

A)buying of sexual services is illegal
B)selling of sexual services is illegal
C)buying and selling sexual services is illegal
D)neither buying nor selling sexual services is illegal

Answer 1

buying of sexual services is illegal

Question 2

According to Holtfreter (2005) the typical white-collar offender is:

A)black,male,approximately 30 years old, with less educational attainment than other offenders
B)white,male,approximately 55 years old,with lower educational attainment compared to other types of offenders
C)white,male,approximately 40 years old,with greater educational attainment compared to other types of offenders
D)white,male,approximately 25 years old,with greater educational attainment compared to other types of offenders

Answer 2

white,male,approximately 40 years old,with greater educational attainment compared to other types of offenders

Question 3

The Protection of Exploited Persons and Communities Act criminalizes all of the following acts related to prostitution except:

A)buying sexual services
B)profiting from the sale of sexual services
C)selling sexual services
D)third party advertising for the sale of sexual services

Answer 3

selling sexual services

Question 4

Common characteristics of the victims (organizations) of organizational crime are:

A)smaller organizations with centralized control
B)organizations with strong enforcement rules against organizational crime
C)smaller organizations with young employees and a casual work environment
D)larger companies with large bureaucracies and few internal controls like audits

Question 5

A national telephone survey conducted by Holtfreter et al.(2008) found that a large proportion of respondents wanted white-collar criminals punished less harshly than violent criminals.

Question 6

The main difference between identity theft and identity fraud is:

A)theft is the physical act of stealing identify documents,while fraud is intent to steal identify documents
B)theft is possession of identity documents with intent to use them deceptively,while fraud is actual deceptive use of identity documents
C)theft can be committed with your own identity documents,but fraud cannot be committed with your own identity documents
D)theft is a criminal offence and fraud is a civil offence

Question 7

The distinction between "occupational" and "corporate" crime can be thought of as:

A)crime focused on organizations versus crime focused on individuals
B)crime focused on individuals versus crime focused on organizations
C)crime focused on blue-collar workers versus crime focused on white-collar workers
D)crime focused on status versus crime focused on economic gain

Question 8

_______________ generates the greatest profits for organized crime groups.

A)Human trafficking
B)Prostitution
C)Identity theft
D)Drug trafficking

Question 9

A risk factor for crime common to those who commit property offences,prostitution offences,drug offences,and gang offences is:

A)childhood trauma
B)poverty
C)drug use
D)previous violence

Question 10

Unlike violent crimes,perpetrators of white-collar crime are just as likely to be female.

Question 11

Generally a "criminal organization" is defined as:

A)a group composed of three or more persons with the main purpose the commission of a serious offence that would result in material benefit
B)a group composed of two or more persons with the main purpose the commission of an offence that would result in material or status benefit
C)a group composed of three or more persons,coming together randomly to commit an offence
D)a group composed of six or more persons with the main purpose the commission of a serious offence that would result in material benefit

Question 12

The fraud triangle,a theory used to explain criminal fraud,is comprised of which three facets?

A)Tools to commit fraud,antisocial associates who commit fraud,and cost-benefit analysis of fraud
B)Opportunity to commit fraud,pressure to commit fraud,and rationalization of the fraud
C)Opportunity to commit fraud,motivation for fraud,and the act of committing fraud
D)Actions prior to,during,and after committing fraud

Question 13

Since 2009,Employment and Social Development Canada (2015) has revealed that victimization rates for personal property crimes have:

A)increased
B)remained stable
C)decreased
D)varied widely

Question 14

Compared with controls,convicted white-collar criminals tend to:

A)be more hedonistic and narcissistic,and have less self-control
B)less hedonistic and conscientious,with less self-control
C)have lower integrity,be less conscientious but have more self-control
D)have equal likelihood of giving in to temptation,but are hedonistic by nature

Question 15

A common intervention used to try and prevent future drug trade crimes is:

A)Narcotics Anonymous
B)police warnings
C)social worker visits
D)drug treatment courts

Question 16

Corporate crime is sometimes committed in order to support the organization itself.

Question 17

Research on the characteristics of male clients of sex trade workers has found that clients tend to fall into one of two groups:

A)those who perpetrate violence against sex trade workers and those who do not perpetrate violence against sex trade workers
B)those who are married and those who are unmarried
C)those with high levels of sensation seeking who want sexual novelty/variety and those who are attracted romantically to sex trade workers
D)those with low social-sexual effectiveness who desire intimacy and those with high levels of sensation seeking who want sexual novelty/variety

Question 18

Research into the differences between convicted white-collar crime offenders and controls indicates that white-collar criminals were more hedonistic and conscientious.

Question 19

The overall perception of Canada and its position on white-collar crime is that:

A)Canada is "soft" on white-collar crime,with few prosecutions
B)Canada is "getting tough on crime"
C)incarceration rates for white-collar crime have increased significantly
D)Canada is equally "tough" on violent and economic crime

Question 20

All of the following are types of white collar crimes identified by Green (1997) except:

A)Organizational crime
B)State authority-crime
C)Professional crime
D)Embezzlement crime

Question 21

Describe one theory of offending for each of the following economically-motivated offences: fraud,cybercrime,prostitution,the drug trade,and gangs.

Question 22

Define and briefly discuss the scope of organized crime in Canada.

Question 23

Recent research indicates that some types of white collar fraud are actually committed by persons of middle-class status.

Question 24

A genuine document used to confirm one's identify which can be stolen and used to apply illegally for other IDs or cards is called a breeder document.

Question 25

The Criminal Code of Canada divides fraud into two categories: fraud under $1000 and fraud over $1000.

Question 26

Many thefts can also be fraud,and it is sometimes up to the police to decide whether to lay a fraud or theft charge against an offender.

Question 27

The assessment approach that is most commonly used to assess risk for gang crimes is the Level of Service Inventory-Revised.

Question 28

The Criminal Code now allows charges against Canadians who go to other countries to seek child prostitution.

Question 29

Men who engage in the use of prostitution are a uniform group with similar backgrounds and motivations for seeking to purchase sexual services.

Question 30

How is theft defined in the Canadian Criminal Code?

Question 31

Explain how organized crime networks function.

Question 32

The Alternatives,Attitudes,and Associates Program is a commonly used treatment program for offenders who commit gang crimes.

Question 33

There is no general assessment approach to cybercrime as a whole; however,clinical assessment tools for sexual offending may be useful with offenders who commit cybercrimes of a sexual nature.

Question 34

Explain the two broad types of white collar crime.

Question 35

White-collar criminals tend to work for companies other than those they steal from.

Question 36

Describe the four principles of PEERS,an organization in Victoria,BC formed by sex trade workers to address issues faced by women who work in the sex trade.

Question 37

List and define five types of economic crime.

Question 38

Discuss the role of street gangs in organized crime.