Deck 15: The Special Senses

Question 1

Taste buds

A) can perceive seven basic tastes.
B) are replaced approximately every 30 days.
C) can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution.
D) can be found covering both the superior and inferior surfaces of the tongue.
E) have axons and generate their own action potentials.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The receptor cells for which of the following special senses are bipolar neurons?

A) equilibrium
B) hearing
C) smell
D) taste
E) touch

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The ability of the olfactory system to adapt to a particular odor may involve

A) sensitivity of the olfactory cortex.
B) an increase in the sensitivity at the receptor sites.
C) neurons from the medial olfactory area stimulating mitral cells and tufted cells.
D) the intermediate olfactory area sending inhibiting impulses to the olfactory bulb.
E) molecules that do not bind to receptors anymore.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Taste buds are not associated with _____ papillae.

A) foliate
B) filiform
C) fungiform
D) vallate
E) papilliform

Question 5

To which of the following substances would the taste buds be most sensitive?

A) syrup
B) vinegar
C) salt water
D) quinine (tonic) water
E) jelly

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a primary odor class?

A) umami
B) floral
C) putrid
D) pepperminty
E) ethereal

Question 7

Why does inhaling deeply and slowly through the nose help to identify an odor?

A) More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.
B) Impulses originate slowly in the olfactory epithelium.
C) The tissue needs more time in contact with the odor.
D) Threshold for odor detection is high.
E) Receptors in the olfactory epithelium are highly specific.

Question 8

Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?

A) smell
B) taste
C) sight
D) sound
E) touch

Question 9

What molecule is activated from the binding of an odorant to transmembranous receptor molecules on olfactory hairs?

A) cAMP
B) calmodulin
C) troponin
D) G protein

Question 10

The medial olfactory area

A) provides emotional reactions to odors.
B) is the site of conscious perception of odors.
C) generates action potentials in olfactory neurons.
D) modulates the sense of olfaction within the olfactory bulb.
E) is the area where chemicals bind to receptors.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.
B) Olfactory epithelial receptors are highly specific.
C) Olfaction first goes to the thalamus and is then relayed to the cerebral cortex.
D) Continued stimulation of olfactory neurons produces the same level of response.
E) Replacement of neurons is a common phenomenon in the body.

Question 12

You are an airborne molecule that dissolves in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. Which of the following must you do in order to depolarize neurons in the olfactory epithelium?

A) stimulate mitral cells
B) release acetylcholine
C) cause proliferation of basal cells
D) bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membrane
E) lower the threshold of the cell

Question 13

Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment?

A) equilibrium
B) hearing
C) smell
D) taste
E) vision

Question 14

The most sensitive taste buds are found in _____ papillae.

A) formate
B) filiform
C) fungiform
D) vallate
E) foliate

Question 15

Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) olfactory bulb
(2) olfactory cortex
(3) olfactory epithelium
(4) olfactory tract

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 3, 4, 1, 2
C) 1, 4, 2, 3
D) 3, 1, 4, 2
E) 4, 3, 2, 1

Question 16

What ion(s) cause(s) depolarization in olfactory neurons?

A) Na⁺
B) Ca²⁺
C) K⁺
D) Both Na⁺ and K⁺
E) Both Na⁺ and Ca²⁺

Question 17

In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must

A) be present in high concentrations.
B) be one of the seven primary classes of odors.
C) be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.
D) interact with the mechanoreceptors of the olfactory hair membrane.
E) enter the nose slowly.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Each taste bud is most sensitive to one of the five basic tastes.
B) Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high.
C) Adaptation for taste is rapid.
D) Olfaction influences taste.
E) Sensitivities for sweet and salty tastes are the lowest.

Question 19

The olfactory cortex is located in the _____ lobe and the secondary olfactory areas are located in the ___ lobe.

A) frontal, temporal
B) frontal, parietal
C) parietal, temporal
D) temporal, frontal

Question 20

Sensory structures that detect taste are

A) palates.
B) papillae.
C) taste buds.
D) ciliary membranes.
E) thermoreceptors.

Question 21

Damage to which of the following cranial nerves may impair the sense of taste?

A) facial
B) abducens
C) trigeminal
D) hypoglossal
E) accessory

Question 22

The transparent mucous membrane that covers the anterior white surface of the eye is the

A) conjunctival fornix.
B) surface conjunctiva.
C) bulbar conjunctiva.
D) palpebral conjunctiva.
E) sclera.

Question 23

Why does a person's nose run when he cries?

A) Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.
B) Parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes the nose to secrete mucus.
C) Intense stimulation of the facial nerve as a result of crying increases nasal secretions.
D) The lacrimal glands secrete tears directly into the nose.
E) This stimulates fluid production in the nose.

Question 24

Which of the following structures is considered to be an accessory structure of the eye?

A) lens
B) retina
C) sclera
D) palpebrae
E) cornea

Question 25

The newest taste to be described is

A) bitter.
B) salty.
C) sweet.
D) umami.
E) sour.

Question 26

Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the

A) retina.
B) choroid.
C) sclera.
D) conjunctiva.
E) lacrimal gland.

Question 27

Some thyroid disorders are characterized by an increase in the width of the palpebral fissure. This would be an increase in the distance between the

A) eyebrows.
B) eyelashes.
C) eyelids.
D) eyes.
E) lacrimal glands.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in taste buds?

A) mitral cells
B) supporting cells
C) basal cells
D) taste cells

Question 29

Tears

A) are produced only when a person cries.
B) wash foreign objects away from the eye.
C) contain lysozyme to trap dust.
D) are very acidic and kill microbes.
E) contain little water.

Question 30

Which tastant is NOT correctly matched with its process of depolarization?

A) salty - Na+
B) umami - G protein
C) bitter - K+
D) sour - H+
E) sweet - G protein

Question 31

The blink reflex is designed to

A) maintain balance.
B) regulate pupil size.
C) provide clearer vision.
D) keep the eyes moist.
E) orient the eyes.

Question 32

The lacrimal glands

A) cause a sty when inflamed.
B) constantly produce a fluid called tears.
C) are located in the superomedial corner of the orbit.
D) are innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve.
E) produce sebum.

Question 33

Palpebrae is another name for the

A) eyes.
B) eyelids.
C) eyebrows.
D) eyelashes.
E) conjunctiva.

Question 34

Which type of taste has the lowest threshold?

A) sweet
B) bitter
C) salty
D) sour
E) umami

Question 35

An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a

A) sty.
B) boil.
C) chalazion.
D) meibomian cyst.
E) pinkeye.

Question 36

The sense of taste is called

A) olfaction.
B) perception.
C) gustation.
D) tastant.
E) mastication.

Question 37

The taste cortex is located in the ________ lobe.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital

Question 38

Which of the following cranial nerves innervates an eye muscle?

A) optic
B) facial
C) abducens
D) trigeminal
E) vagus

Question 39

You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve.

A) facial (VII)
B) vagus (X)
C) trigeminal (V)
D) glossopharyngeal (IX)
E) hypoglossal (XII)

Question 40

Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) gustatory cell depolarizes
(2) action potential stimulated in gustatory neurons
(3) food substance dissolves in saliva
(4) neurotransmitter released by gustatory cell
(5) food substance enters taste pore and attaches to receptor on gustatory hair

A) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3
B) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2
C) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2
E) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

Question 41

The only place in the body where blood vessels can be viewed directly is the

A) retina.
B) optic chiasm.
C) sclera.
D) cornea.
E) conjunctiva.

Question 42

Vitreous humor

A) is produced on a daily basis.
B) is less viscous than aqueous humor.
C) does not contribute to intraocular pressure.
D) helps to hold the lens and retina in place.
E) is located in the anterior chamber.

Question 43

The optic disc

A) is located in the vascular tunic.
B) is the site of greatest visual acuity.
C) is also called the macula lutea.
D) is on the anterior surface of the eye.
E) contains no photoreceptor cells.

Question 44

Which of the following structures is part of the vascular tunic?

A) iris
B) retina
C) optic disc
D) fovea centralis
E) cornea

Question 45

The ciliary body

A) contains rods and cones.
B) is continuous with the sclera.
C) consists of a ciliary ring and ciliary processes.
D) produces vitreous humor.
E) is photosensitive.

Question 46

The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the

A) lens.
B) retina.
C) cornea.
D) iris.
E) optic disc.

Question 47

The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the

A) iris.
B) ciliary ring.
C) sclera.
D) ciliary muscle.
E) retina.

Question 48

The cornea is relatively easy to transplant because

A) its proteoglycan content is high.
B) it is easy to access and is a vascular.
C) it has an extensive blood supply.
D) its high immunological activity prevents infection.
E) it is not attached to the eye.

Question 49

Which of the following functions is carried out by both aqueous and vitreous humor?

A) cleanses the eye
B) nourishment of the eye
C) refraction of light rays
D) generation of a visual image
E) control the amount of light entering the eye

Question 50

Increased fluid accumulation in the cornea would result in

A) a scattering of light rays.
B) loss of pigment in the eye.
C) a decrease in the strength of the tissue.
D) an increase in the ability to transmit light to the retina.
E) blockage of light rays.

Question 51

Blood vessels enter the eye and nerve processes exit the eye at the

A) optic disc.
B) macula lutea.
C) sensory retina.
D) fovea centralis.
E) pupil.

Question 52

In bright sunlight, the pupil of your eye constricts and contracts the

A) ciliary muscles.
B) dilator pupillae.
C) sphincter pupillae.
D) suspensory ligaments.
E) ciliary ring.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic eye muscle?

A) ciliary muscles
B) inferior oblique muscle
C) sphincter pupillae muscle
D) dilator pupillae muscle

Question 54

The cornea

A) is highly vascular.
B) maintains the shape of the eye.
C) is white like the rest of the sclera.
D) is part of the focusing system of the eye.
E) does not contain connective tissue.

Question 55

The transparent anterior portion of the sclera is the

A) iris.
B) retina.
C) cornea.
D) choroid.
E) pupil.

Question 56

The ________ separates the posterior chamber from the vitreous chamber.

A) iris
B) choroid
C) lens
D) sclera

Question 57

The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the

A) iris.
B) sclera.
C) retina.
D) choroid.
E) conjunctiva.

Question 58

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT innervate extrinsic eye muscles?

A) oculomotor
B) abducens
C) trochlear
D) optic
E) trigeminal

Question 59

Which of the following is (are) associated with the retina?

A) lens
B) ciliary muscle
C) pupil
D) suspensory ligaments
E) rods and cones

Question 60

The area of greatest visual acuity is the

A) lens.
B) fovea centralis.
C) optic disc.
D) posterior chamber.
E) blind spot.

Question 61

For distant vision,

A) the lens is more spherical.
B) the suspensory ligaments relax.
C) the ciliary muscles are relaxed.
D) light is refracted more by the lens than by the humors.
E) the lens is thickened.

Question 62

Rods, a type of photoreceptor cell, respond to light (stimulus) by

A) depolarizing.
B) repolarizing.
C) hypopolarizing.
D) hyperpolarizing.
E) opening Na+ channels in the cell membrane.

Question 63

The main factor affecting depth of focus is the

A) convergence.
B) accommodation.
C) shape of the lens.
D) size of the lens.
E) size of the pupil.

Question 64

The pigmented layer of the retina

A) determines the color of the iris.
B) enhances visual acuity and reduces scattering of light.
C) protects the optic nerve from damage.
D) causes increased scattering of incoming light.
E) is the vascular layer of the retina.

Question 65

Glaucoma can result from

A) inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor.
B) damage to the suspensory ligament.
C) a decrease in the number of cones.
D) opacity of the lens.
E) increased amounts of vitreous humor.

Question 66

Night blindness could be caused by

A) a lack of cones.
B) a lack of iodopsin.
C) a lack of rhodopsin.
D) too much vitamin A in the diet.
E) a lack of vitamin C in the diet.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the retina?

A) ganglion cells
B) photoreceptors
C) optic chiasm
D) optic disc
E) fovea centralis

Question 68

What is activated when light causes 11-cis-retinal to convert to all-trans-retinal?

A) opsin
B) transducin
C) ATP
D) glutamate

Question 69

The lens

A) is biconcave.
B) focuses light on the retina.
C) floats in the vitreous humor.
D) is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments.
E) is normally opaque.

Question 70

Color vision

A) is a function of cone cells.
B) is most acute in dim light.
C) is interpreted in the cerebellum.
D) depends on the amount of available rhodopsin.
E) is the interaction between rods and cones.

Question 71

Humans are able to distinguish several million shades of color because

A) humans have large retinas.
B) humans have binocular vision.
C) they have many different types of cone cells.
D) different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light.
E) humans have more cones than rods.

Question 72

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) sclera - ciliary body
B) iris - sphincter pupillae
C) retina - canal of Schlemm
D) vitreous humor - anterior chamber
E) aqueous humor - vitreous chamber

Question 73

As an object moves closer to the eye,

A) the lens flattens.
B) the eyes rotate medially.
C) the ciliary muscles relax.
D) the diameter of the pupil increases.
E) the eye blinks.

Question 74

To focus on objects closer than 20 feet,

A) the lens must become flatter.
B) the cornea must move inward.
C) the ciliary muscles must contract.
D) the suspensory ligaments increase tension on the lens.
E) the retina must bend.

Question 75

Light refracts as it passes through the

A) vitreous humor, sclera, and iris.
B) lens, aqueous humor, and sclera.
C) cornea, retina, and vitreous humor.
D) lens, cornea and humors of the eye.
E) sclera, iris, and retina.

Question 76

Light and dark adaptation involves

A) pupillary reflexes.
B) variations in rod and cone function.
C) changes in the amount of available rhodopsin.
D) pupillary reflexes and changes in the amount of available rhodopsin.
E) pupillary reflexes, variations in rod and cone function and changes in the amount of available rhodopsin.

Question 77

Increase in the distance from the eye to the near point of vision can be caused by

A) the lens becoming more rigid with age.
B) the lens becoming more opaque with age.
C) the lens becoming more convex with age.
D) the vitreous humor becoming thicker with age.
E) the lens becoming more flexible with age.

Question 78

Rhodopsin is found in the

A) rods.
B) cones.
C) choroid.
D) pigmented retina.
E) amacrine cells.

Question 79

When you try to focus on the tip of your nose,

A) the pupils dilate.
B) the ciliary muscles relax.
C) the lens becomes more spherical.
D) the tension on the suspensory ligament increases.
E) the lens becomes flatter.

Question 80

To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive?

A) blue, red, and yellow
B) red, blue, and green
C) red, violet, and yellow
D) violet, green, and blue
E) orange, indigo, and violet