Deck 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

Question 1

The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the

A) osteoclast.
B) osteoblast.
C) chondrocyte.
D) osteocyte.
E) chondroblast.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage

A) replace collagen fibers in the matrix.
B) give cartilage its resilient nature.
C) fill the lacunae.
D) make the perichondrium very stretchable.
E) make cartilage hard and compact.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) osteocytes - function in bone remodeling
B) osteoclasts - responsible for reabsorption
C) osteoblasts - break down bone tissue
D) endosteum - lines central canal of the osteon
E) periosteum - lines the medullary cavity

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)

A) aponeurosis.
B) ligament.
C) bursa.
D) epimysium.
E) tendon.

Question 5

A connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the

A) endosteum.
B) perichondrium.
C) periosteum.
D) epiphyseal line.
E) ligament.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?

A) support
B) movement
C) immunity
D) calcium storage
E) blood cell formation

Question 7

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of

A) elastin fibers.
B) collagenase.
C) hydroxyapatite crystals.
D) collagen fibers.
E) bone marrow.

Question 8

Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

A) chondroclast
B) osteoclast
C) chondroblast
D) fibroblast
E) osteocyte

Question 9

The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is

A) elastic cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) hyaline cartilage.
D) interstitial cartilage.
E) osteocartilage.

Question 10

The primary function of osteoblasts is to

A) prevent osteocytes from forming.
B) resorb bone along the epiphyseal plate.
C) inhibit the growth of bone.
D) stimulate bone growth.
E) lay down bone matrix.

Question 11

Which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water?

A) collagen
B) proteoglycan
C) hyaluronic acid
D) elastin
E) chondrocytes

Question 12

In appositional growth of cartilage,

A) chondroblasts within the tissue proliferate and add more matrix from the inside.
B) new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
C) osteoblasts replace the chondroblasts.
D) the tissue becomes vascularized in order to grow.
E) the cartilage is replaced with another kind of connective tissue.

Question 13

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

A) bone matrix.
B) hyaline cartilage.
C) fibrous cartilage.
D) ligaments.
E) blood.

Question 14

What are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?

A) osteocytes
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) chondrocytes
E) osteochondral progenitor cells

Question 15

Chondroblasts produce

A) ligaments.
B) cartilage matrix.
C) bone tissue.
D) blood cells.
E) synovial fluid.

Question 16

The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the

A) thickness of the bone.
B) length of the bone.
C) strength of the bone.
D) ability of the bone to heal.
E) growth rate of bone.

Question 17

Ligaments attach

A) muscle to muscle.
B) bone to bone.
C) muscle to bone.
D) nerve to bone.
E) nerve to muscle.

Question 18

Which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix?

A) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
B) Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.
C) The protein components of bone matrix are digested.
D) Ca²⁺ is actively transported from bone matrix to the blood.
E) Blood calcium is elevated.

Question 19

The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the

A) matrix.
B) chondrocyte.
C) ligamentous cord.
D) lacuna.
E) perichondrium.

Question 20

Cartilage

A) is composed of osteons.
B) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum.
C) contains chondrocytes located in lacunae.
D) does not need nutrients and oxygen so it has no blood vessels.
E) is well vascularized.

Question 21

Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?

A) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
B) Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.
C) The protein components of bone matrix are synthesized.
D) Ca²⁺ is actively transported from blood to bone matrix.
E) Blood calcium is decreased.

Question 22

Lamellar bone

A) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
B) has a porous appearance.
C) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
D) is very light in weight.
E) is not easily restructured.

Question 23

You would look for concentric lamellae

A) around the central canal of an osteon.
B) in between osteons.
C) on the outer surface of compact bone tissues.
D) as components of the cartilage.
E) in the bone marrow.

Question 24

Spongy bone tissue

A) is very dense.
B) contains concentric lamellae.
C) contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae.
D) has many spaces and lacks osteocytes.
E) is the primary component of compact bone.

Question 25

Osteoclasts have projections that cause bone reabsorption called

A) canaliculi.
B) lacunae.
C) ruffled borders.
D) lamellae.
E) crossroads.

Question 26

The primary mineral in bone is

A) sodium.
B) oxygen.
C) calcium.
D) potassium.
E) iron.

Question 27

Woven bone

A) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
B) has a porous appearance.
C) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
D) is very light in weight.
E) is not easily restructured.

Question 28

Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete acids?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 29

Which type of bone cells possess extensive ER and ribosomes?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 30

The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is

A) circumferential.
B) concentric.
C) interstitial.
D) appositional.
E) oppositional.

Question 31

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a

A) central canal.
B) lamella.
C) canaliculus.
D) lacuna.
E) osteocanal.

Question 32

Which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 33

Which type of bone cells give rise to osteoblasts?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 34

Which type of bone cells have processes that lie in canaliculi?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 35

The stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts are

A) osteocytes.
B) osteoclasts.
C) chondrocytes.
D) monocytes.
E) osteochondral progenitor cells.

Question 36

Which type of bone cells package calcium and phosphate ions?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 37

Haversian systems or osteons

A) are found in spongy bone tissue.
B) lack concentric lamellae.
C) are the basic units in compact bone tissue.
D) do not contain osteocytes.
E) are avascular.

Question 38

Which type of bone cells are large cells that form from fusion of monocytes?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 39

Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 40

The stem cells of osteoclasts are

A) osteocytes.
B) osteoclasts.
C) chondrocytes.
D) monocytes.
E) osteochondral progenitor cells.

Question 41

In which type of bone would osteons be present?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 42

In which type of bone would trabeculae be present?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 43

An example of a long bone would be

A) the sternum.
B) a rib.
C) a carpal bone.
D) the tibia.
E) the clavicle.

Question 44

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) short bone - carpal bone
B) long bone - vertebra
C) irregular bone - femur
D) flat bone - phalanges of the toes
E) short bone - humerus

Question 45

Which type of bone has concentric lamellae?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 46

The type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is

A) circumferential.
B) concentric.
C) interstitial.
D) appositional.
E) oppositional.

Question 47

Thin sheets of bone matrix are

A) lamellae.
B) lacunae.
C) canaliculi.
D) periosteum.
E) trabeculae.

Question 48

Small channels extending through the bone matrix are

A) lamellae.
B) lacunae.
C) canaliculi.
D) periosteum.
E) trabeculae.

Question 49

In which type of bone are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 50

These are blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon and run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

A) Haversian canals
B) Volkmann canals
C) lamellar canals
D) osteochondral canals
E) Sharpey's canals

Question 51

Which type of bone appears porous?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 52

Which type of bone is considered dense bone?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 53

An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

A) epiphysis
B) epiphyseal line
C) diaphysis
D) growth plate
E) articular surface

Question 54

Canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue.

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 55

Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?

A) perimysium
B) perichondrium
C) peritendineum
D) peritoneum
E) periosteum

Question 56

Interconnecting rods of bone are

A) lamellae.
B) lacunae.
C) canaliculi.
D) periosteum.
E) trabeculae.

Question 57

Spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are

A) lamellae.
B) lacunae.
C) canaliculi.
D) periosteum.
E) trabeculae.

Question 58

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the

A) lamellae.
B) lacunae.
C) canaliculi.
D) periosteum.
E) trabeculae.

Question 59

The type of lamellae found between osteons (Haversian systems) is

A) circumferential.
B) concentric.
C) interstitial.
D) appositional.
E) oppositional.

Question 60

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

A) epiphysis
B) fibers
C) growth plate
D) medullary cavity
E) endosteum

Question 61

Arrange the following events in endochondral ossification in proper sequence: (1) Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die.
(2) Chondrocytes hypertrophy.
(3) Cartilage model is formed.
(4) Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage called the primary ossification center.
(5) Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

A) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
B) 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
C) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
D) 3, 5, 2, 4, 1
E) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2

Question 62

What strengthens the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to bone?

A) epiphysis
B) Sharpey fibers
C) growth plate
D) medullary cavity
E) endosteum

Question 63

What is the end of a long bone?

A) epiphysis
B) Sharpey's fibers
C) growth plate
D) medullary cavity
E) endosteum

Question 64

Which of the following events occurs last?

A) Blood vessels grow into the primary ossification center.
B) Cartilage is calcified in the cartilage model.
C) A cartilage model is formed by chondroblasts.
D) Osteoblasts produce trabeculae and lamellae on the surface of calcified cartilage.
E) Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.

Question 65

The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called

A) epiphyseal plates.
B) articular cartilages.
C) fontanels.
D) bone collars.
E) medullary cavities.

Question 66

Osteoblasts involved in bone growth in length come primarily from

A) chondrocytes.
B) endothelium of blood vessels.
C) osteocytes.
D) periosteum.
E) connective tissue surrounding blood vessels from the endosteum.

Question 67

What is the site of long bone growth?

A) medullary cavity
B) periosteum
C) endosteum
D) diaphysis
E) epiphyseal plate

Question 68

Intramembranous ossification

A) forms the bones of the roof of the skull.
B) is the process that produces most of the skeletal system.
C) occurs when bones develop from cartilage models.
D) occurs when osteoblasts invade the spaces left by dying cartilage cells.
E) occurs on the outer surface of the membrane.

Question 69

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

A) epiphysis
B) Sharpey's fibers
C) epiphyseal plate
D) medullary cavity
E) endosteum

Question 70

These collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum of the bone.

A) endosteal fibers
B) Sharpey fibers
C) Golgi fibers
D) Haversian fibers
E) Purkinje fibers

Question 71

The locations where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification are known as

A) secondary ossification centers.
B) membranous ossification centers.
C) centers of ossification.
D) medullary cavity ossification centers.
E) epiphyseal ossification centers.

Question 72

Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?

A) Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts.
B) A membrane of delicate collagen fibers develops.
C) Cancellous bone is formed.
D) Periosteum is formed.
E) Many tiny trabeculae of woven bone develop.

Question 73

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

A) intramembranous.
B) endochondral.
C) interstitial.
D) appositional.
E) osteomalacia.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about bone growth is TRUE?

A) Most growth in long bones results from interstitial growth.
B) Appositional bone growth results in increased bone length.
C) Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
D) In the epiphyseal plate, osteoblasts degenerate to form chondrocytes.
E) Bones can not grow by appositional growth.

Question 75

What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?

A) articular cartilage
B) periosteum
C) elastic cartilage
D) cancellous bone
E) fibrocartilage

Question 76

The medullary cavity is

A) empty in adult bones.
B) the site where osteoblasts are found.
C) lined with endosteum.
D) filled with fibrocartilage and elastin fibers.
E) dead space in the bone.

Question 77

Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called

A) epiphyseal spaces.
B) medullary cavities.
C) lacunae.
D) sinuses.
E) trabeculae.

Question 78

What is the area where marrow is located?

A) periosteum
B) Sharpey fibers
C) growth plate
D) medullary cavity
E) endosteum

Question 79

The flat bones of the skull develop from

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) areolar tissue.
C) compact bone.
D) fibrous connective tissue.
E) fibrocartilage.

Question 80

The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

A) Both processes form woven bone.
B) Both processes require a precursor of connective tissue membranes.
C) In both processes, bone replaces cartilage.
D) Both only form flat bones.
E) Chondrocytes participate in both processes.