Deck 10: Endocrine System

Question 1

Membrane-bound receptors can

A) open or close membrane channels.
B) activate G proteins.
C) activate enzymes attached to the cell membrane.
D) produce a cascade effect by activating many enzymes inside the cell.
E) do all of these things.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Growth hormone

A) stimulates fat synthesis.
B) favors protein breakdown.
C) deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary dwarfism.
D) excess after growth is complete produces acromegaly.
E) deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary dwarfism and excess after growth is complete produces acromegaly are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Hormones alter cellular properties and functions by

A) changing the quantities of enzymes present.
B) opening or closing ion channels.
C) changing the rate of enzyme breakdown.
D) changing the rates of transcription or translation in a cell.
E) All of these are true.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Gonadotropins

A) are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
B) regulate growth, development and function of the ovaries and testes.
C) include both TSH and ACTH.
D) are controlled by a releasing hormone from the thyroid gland.
E) directly promote water retention by the kidneys.

Question 5

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its location or function?

A) C cells; scattered throughout loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles
B) C cells; secretion of calcitonin
C) thyroglobulin; scattered throughout loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles
D) thyroglobulin; colloid of thyroid follicles
E) thyroid hormones; regulation of metabolic rate in the body

Question 6

Which of these types of hormone molecules are NOT correctly matched with the example or description?

A) protein hormone - anterior pituitary hormones
B) protein hormone - prostaglandin-like hormone
C) lipid hormone - steroids
D) peptide hormone - posterior pituitary hormones
E) lipid hormone - hormone that diffuses through the cell membrane

Question 7

Thyroid hormones:

A) are amino acid derivatives
B) are lipid soluble
C) can diffuse through the cell membrane of the target cell
D) bind to intracellular receptors in the target cell
E) All of the items are true of thyroid hormones.

Question 8

The posterior pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete hormones by

A) stimulation of neurons within the hypothalamus
B) stimulation of glandular cells within the posterior pituitary
C) stimulation of the cells of the infundibulum
D) stimulation of neurons within the anterior pituitary
E) all of the methods are correct.

Question 9

The hypothalamus controls the activity of the pituitary gland by

A) secreting neurohormones.
B) secreting releasing hormones.
C) secreting inhibiting hormones.
D) stimulation of nerve cells within the hypothalamus which extend into the posterior pituitary gland.
E) All of these are true.

Question 10

__________ are produced in response to hormonal activation of G proteins.

A) primary messengers
B) hormones
C) secondary messengers
D) phermones
E) all of the items are correct.

Question 11

Intracellular receptors

A) are located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.
B) typically bind to lipophillic (hydrophobic) chemical signals.
C) are exemplified by hormones such as steroids.
D) may cause changes in transcription and translation when bound to appropriate signals.
E) All of these are true of intracellular receptors.

Question 12

______________ are released by cells that have effects on other cell types near the cells from which they were released.

A) Pheromones
B) Hormones
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Autocrine agents
E) Paracrine agents

Question 13

The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

A) is a collection of nerves that connect the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
B) includes capillary beds and veins that transport releasing hormones.
C) allows the anterior pituitary to control the hypothalamus and cerebrum.
D) connects the hypothalamus to the midbrain.
E) carries blood directly to the posterior pituitary.

Question 14

Lipid soluble hormones:

A) are polar molecules
B) bind to intracellular receptors in the target cell
C) dissolve readily in water for easy transport in the blood
D) include those hormones derived from proteins and amino acids
E) All of the items are true of lipid soluble hormones.

Question 15

The structure that makes releasing and inhibiting hormones which control anterior pituitary hormone secretion is the:

A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus
D) adrenal gland
E) pineal gland

Question 16

____________ are intercellular chemical signals, secreted by nerve cells and are important in functions of the nervous system.

A) Pheromones
B) Hormones
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Autocrine agents
E) Paracrine agents

Question 17

Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in the _______ of the thyroid.

A) C cells
B) follicles
C) parafollicular cells
D) capillaries
E) portal system

Question 18

ACTH stimulates the

A) thyroid gland.
B) ovaries and testes.
C) hypothalamus.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) posterior pituitary.

Question 19

Hormones alter cellular properties and functions by

A) changing the quantities of enzymes present.
B) opening or closing ion channels.
C) changing the rate of enzyme breakdown.
D) changing the rates of transcription or translation in a cell.
E) All of these are true.

Question 20

Which of these statements concerning hormone action is true?

A) Most protein and peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane.
B) The combination of a hormone with its receptor may alter the permeability of the cell membrane.
C) A hormone that combines with a receptor in the cell membrane may act as a first messenger.
D) Cyclic AMP (cAMP) functions as a second messenger.
E) All of these are true statements.

Question 21

T₃ (triiododthyronine)

A) synthesis requires calcium.
B) binding to target tissues causes increases in metabolism, body temperature, and normal growth.
C) contains four iodine molecules.
D) is released from the thymus gland.
E) is released in response to T₄ secretion.

Question 22

If blood glucose decreases below normal

A) the nervous system will malfunction.
B) the increased breakdown of fats tends to produce metabolic alkalosis.
C) large volumes of urine will be produced.
D) the heart rate will decrease.
E) all of these events will occur.

Question 23

Follicle stimulating hormone is secreted by the

A) anterior pituitary gland.
B) posterior pituitary gland.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 24

Secretion of which of these hormones would increase shortly after a meal?

A) glucagon
B) growth hormone
C) epinephrine
D) glucocorticoids
E) insulin

Question 25

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus include

A) increased appetite.
B) lack of thirst.
C) high energy level.
D) limited urine output.
E) All of these are true.

Question 26

Adrenal androgens

A) are produced in large amounts by the adrenal medulla.
B) stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
C) reduce the inflammatory response as a primary effect.
D) cause reabsorption of potassium and water.
E) have all of these properties.

Question 27

Which of these hormones increases blood glucose levels and increases lipid breakdown, but slows protein breakdown?

A) glucagon
B) epinephrine
C) insulin
D) glucocorticoids
E) growth hormone

Question 28

Melatonin

A) is secreted by the thymus gland.
B) is thought to increase the secretion of releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
C) increases FSH and LH secretion.
D) may be controlled by changes in day length.
E) has all of these properties.

Question 29

Oxytocin is secreted by the

A) anterior pituitary gland.
B) posterior pituitary gland.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 30

Calcitonin

A) is secreted by the parathyroid glands.
B) increases the amount of calcium absorbed by the intestine.
C) is synthesized by C cells of the thyroid gland.
D) increases the rate of calcium release from bone.
E) is secreted when blood calcium levels drop too low.

Question 31

ADH

A) is sometimes called oxytocin.
B) can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the blood in large amounts.
C) causes "milk letdown" from the breasts of lactating women.
D) stimulates melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin.
E) is sometimes called oxytocin and can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the blood in large amounts as properties.

Question 32

Growth hormone is secreted by the

A) anterior pituitary gland.
B) posterior pituitary gland.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 33

Prolactin

A) helps development of, and production of milk in the breast.
B) causes "milk letdown" from the breasts of lactating women.
C) causes contraction of the muscle of the uterus.
D) stimulates development of sperm cells in males.
E) causes "milk letdown" from the breasts of lactating women and causes contraction of the muscle of the uterus.

Question 34

The adrenal medulla

A) is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
B) produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) is stimulated when a person is physically excited.
D) produces the "fight-or-flight" response.
E) has all of these properties.

Question 35

Target cells in the thyroid gland respond to

A) LH.
B) prolactin.
C) ACTH.
D) ADH.
E) TSH.

Question 36

The thymus gland

A) becomes smaller with increasing age.
B) is important in the function of the immune system.
C) secretes thymosin.
D) is found in the upper part of the thoracic cavity above the heart.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 37

A man with an abnormally high level of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), would exhibit which of the following symptoms?

A) hyperglycemia
B) reduced sperm production
C) increased frequency of urination
D) darkening of the skin
E) constant thirst

Question 38

Type I diabetes mellitus

A) is caused by the secretion of too little insulin from the pancreas.
B) is caused by the insufficient numbers of insulin receptors on target cells.
C) is caused by defective receptors that do not respond to insulin.
D) can be regulated by diet alone.
E) is caused by the insufficient numbers of insulin receptors on target cells and is caused by defective receptors that do not respond to insulin are correct.

Question 39

Insulin is secreted by the

A) anterior pituitary gland.
B) posterior pituitary gland.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 40

Cortisol

A) is classified as a glucocorticoid.
B) initiates the breakdown of protein and fat.
C) reduces the inflammatory effect (when in pharmacological doses).
D) secretion is stimulated by ACTH.
E) has all of these properties.

Question 41

The tendency for each type of hormone to bind to one type of receptor and not to others is called

A) agonism.
B) antagonism.
C) specificity.
D) complementarity.

Question 42

This figure shows the endocrine system. Which number indicates the thymus gland?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 43

A hormone is traditionally described as a molecule that

A) is produced in varying amounts by collections of cells.
B) enters interstitial fluid and/or blood and transported some distance.
C) acts on specific tissues called target tissues.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Question 44

Most hormones are taken up and degraded by the _____________ and _____________.

A) liver; kidney
B) spleen; kidney
C) spleen; liver
D) bone marrow; spleen
E) bone marrow; liver

Question 45

Which of the following changes to the endocrine system is not a result of aging?

A) GH secretion decreases
B) Melatonin secretion decreases
C) Thyroid hormone secretion decreases
D) Parathyroid hormone secretion decreases

Question 46

Which of these statements concerning aldosterone secretion is NOT correct?

A) Low blood pressure stimulates the release of renin from the kidney.
B) Renin causes angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I.
C) Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion.
D) Aldosterone causes increased potassium retention.
E) Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels.

Question 47

______________ are chemical signals secreted into the environment that modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals.

A) Pheromones
B) Hormones
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Autocrine agents
E) Paracrine agents

Question 48

One way that helps maintain fairly constant blood levels of hormones is

A) movement into target organs.
B) being bound to binding proteins.
C) excretion by the kidneys.
D) being broken down by enzymes.

Question 49

Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands

A) secrete only into the bloodstream.
B) secrete only local hormones.
C) secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.
D) only secrete salts.
E) secrete only into the urine.

Question 50

Hyperparathyroidism

A) is an abnormally low production or secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
B) results in an increase in blood cell production.
C) results in an increase in calcium levels in the blood.
D) is an abnormally high production of calcitonin.
E) is caused by an increase in the absorption of potassium from the small intestine.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

A) Regulates water balance by controlling the solute concentration of the blood.
B) Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength.
C) Regulates satiation and the breakdown of food into individual nutrients.
D) Regulates the rate of metabolism.
E) Regulates the levels of nutrients such as glucose in the blood.

Question 52

Secretion of hormones is controlled by

A) the concentration of mineral ions in the blood.
B) neural input.
C) tropic hormones.
D) the concentration of mineral ions in the blood and tropic hormones.
E) all of these things.

Question 53

The hypothalamus secretes __________, which are classified as _________ hormones, whereby they increase the secretion of an anterior pituitary hormone, or ____________ hormones, whereby they decrease the secretion of an anterior pituitary hormone.

A) hormones, inhibiting, releasing
B) regulatory hormones, releasing, transferring
C) neurohormones, releasing, inhibitory
D) stimulatory hormones, secretory, inhibitory

Question 54

___ is inhibited by humoral stimuli.

A) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
B) Glucagon
C) Testosterone

Question 55

Aldosterone

A) causes potassium ions to be retained in the body.
B) secretion is stimulated primarily by ACTH.
C) secretion increases when blood potassium levels increase.
D) causes increased retention of sodium ions and water by the body.
E) both increases secretion when blood potassium levels increase and causes increased retention of sodium ions and water by the body.

Question 56

Check all statements that are true about prostaglandins.

Question 57

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A) increases calcium level in the blood.
B) inhibits the formation of active vitamin D in the kidneys.
C) decreases the rate of bone breakdown.
D) has an effect similar to that of calcitonin.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 58

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by:

A) endocrine dysplasia.
B) negative feedback.
C) positive feedback.
D) neural regulation.
E) somatic regulation.

Question 59

Insulin is secreted in response to

A) increased blood glucose levels.
B) decreased parasympathetic stimulation.
C) decreased blood levels of amino acids.
D) All of these stimulate insulin secretion.

Question 60

Removal of the anterior pituitary would affect the functioning of the

A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas isles of Langerhans in the pancreas.
C) parathyroid gland.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) kidney.