Deck 8: Nervous System

Question 1

Following neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels,

A) the Na⁺ channels open for a brief time generating a local current.
B) the cell may reach threshold.
C) the inside of the membrane becomes more positive
D) a local potential is generated
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The type of memory that is retained for a few seconds or minutes and is limited by the number of pieces of information is called:

A) working memory
B) declarative memory
C) procedural memory
D) implicit memory
E) explicit memory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The limbic system:

A) influences long term declarative memory
B) influences motivation and mood
C) influences visceral responses to emotions
D) receives sensory input from the olfactory nerves
E) all of these

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following statements about summation in the nervous system is INCORRECT?

A) Summation of signals in neuronal pathways allows integration of multiple subthreshold changes in local potential.
B) Spatial summation occurs when local potentials originate from different locations on the posynaptic neuron.
C) Spatial summation also occurs when local potentials overlap in time.
D) Both spatial and temporal summation can lead to either inhibition or stimulation depending upon the signal type.
E) A single presynaptic action potential usually does not cause a sufficiently large postsynaptic local potential to cause the postsynaptic cell to reach threshold.

Question 5

The coccygeal plexus:

A) supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor
B) supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx
C) supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the lower leg and ankle
D) supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx
E) All of these

Question 6

Continuous conduction of the action potential

A) occurs in myelinated axons
B) occurs primarily in unmyelinated axons
C) is a function of the nodes of Ranvier
D) is quicker than saltatory conduction
E) occurs in myelinated axons and is quicker than saltatory conduction

Question 7

Leak ion channels:

A) open in response to changes in the membrane potential
B) are always open
C) open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals
D) are closed until opened by specific signals
E) are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons

Question 8

Which of the following are major functions of the nervous system?

A) receive sensory input
B) integrate information
C) maintain homeostasis
D) control muscles and glands
E) all of these are major functions of the nervous system

Question 9

Sophia is taking her Anatomy and Physiology test. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?

A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves
E) Gamma waves

Question 10

The type of memory that is involved with the retaining of facts such as names or dates as well as associated emotional undertones is called:

A) short term memory
B) declarative memory
C) procedural memory
D) implicit memory
E) working memory

Question 11

The type of memory that is involved with the development of motor skills such as riding a bike is called:

A) short term memory
B) declarative memory
C) procedural memory
D) explicit memory
E) working memory

Question 12

In a neuron, short, branching cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and carry it to the cell body are called

A) dendrites.
B) axons.
C) cell bodies.
D) axon hillock.
E) a myelin sheath.

Question 13

Which of the following represents the usual progression of brain activity in a normal person falling asleep?

A) alpha waves dominate then transition to beta waves then comes a transition to theta waves
B) beta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to delta waves
C) alpha waves dominate then transition to beta waves then comes a transition to delta waves
D) delta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to theta waves
E) theta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to beta waves

Question 14

Which of the following is not TRUE of K⁺ leak channels?

A) are always open.
B) are 50 - 100 times more prevalent than Na⁺ leak channels.
C) have the greatest contribution to the resting potential of the cell.
D) are responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential.
E) allow K⁺ ions to "leak" down their concentration gradient and out of the cell.

Question 15

Every morning Alessandra sits in a quiet room with her eyes closed and allows her brain to rest before the start of her busy work day. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?

A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves
E) Gamma waves

Question 16

Which of the following brain wave patterns are observed primarily in deep sleep, infants and patients with severe brain disorders?

A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves
E) Gamma waves

Question 17

Axons

A) may branch to form collateral axons.
B) have an axon hillock which is devoid of nissl bodies.
C) are often surrounded by a myelin sheath.
D) carry action potentials away from the cell body.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 18

Local potentials

A) are propagated down the length of the axon
B) if strong enough, activate voltage gated channels to initiate and action potential.
C) are another name for action potentials
D) are produced by the brief influx of K⁺ from the neuron
E) are produced by the brief efflux of Na⁺ from the neuron

Question 19

Voltage - gated ion channels:

A) open in response to changes in the membrane potential
B) are always open
C) open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals
D) are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons
E) open in response to changes in the membrane potential and are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons

Question 20

If you are experiencing extreme frustration, your brain is more likely to exhibit which type of wave pattern?

A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves
E) Gamma waves

Question 21

Four mounds, found in the roof of the midbrain, which are involved in integration of hearing and visual reflexes are

A) the medullary pyramids.
B) the reticular formation.
C) the pons.
D) the colliculi.
E) both the medullary pyramids and the pons.

Question 22

The neuroglial cells that form a myelin sheath around axons are

A) the microglia.
B) the ependymal cells.
C) the Schwann cells.
D) the oligodendrocytes.
E) both the Schwann cells and the oligodendrocytes.

Question 23

Spinal nerves

A) are organized into plexuses, except for T₂ to T₁₁.
B) contain both afferent and efferent fibers.
C) mostly exit between adjacent vertebrae.
D) have both autonomic and somatomotor efferent fibers.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 24

A group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem that play a role in arousing and maintaining consciousness are collectively called the

A) reticular formation.
B) pons.
C) colliculi.
D) pyramids.
E) midbrain.

Question 25

Chemical substances released from the presynaptic terminal

A) bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
B) may inhibit or stimulate an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane depending on the receptors.
C) are normally broken down by enzymes located in the synapse.
D) are called neurotransmitters.
E) have all of these properties.

Question 26

Descending tracts

A) include the corticospinal tract.
B) contain axons of upper motor neurons that cross over to the other side of the spinal cord.
C) include the extrapyramidal tracts, which are involved in unconscious control of motor function.
D) contain upper motor neurons that modulate the activity of lower motor neurons.
E) have all of these properties.

Question 27

An action potential occurs

A) if the membrane potential reaches a threshold value.
B) when negative proteins and ions rapidly enter the cell.
C) when the inside of the cell becomes negative compared to the outside.
D) when there is repolarization.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 28

Action potentials

A) are propagated more rapidly in unmyelinated axons.
B) jump between nodes of Ranvier.
C) occur in an all-or-none fashion.
D) do all of these.
E) jump between nodes of Ranvier and occur in an all-or-none fashion only.

Question 29

A reflex

A) is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus.
B) allows a person to react to stimuli more quickly.
C) is a form of negative feedback response.
D) conducts signals from the periphery to the spinal cord then back to the periphery.
E) All of these are true of a reflex.

Question 30

The posterior (dorsal) horns of the spinal cord contain

A) sensory neurons.
B) motor neurons.
C) sympathetic autonomic neurons.
D) nerve tracts.
E) white matter.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT an essential component of a reflex arc?

A) sensory receptor
B) afferent (sensory) neuron
C) spinal pathway
D) efferent (motor) neuron
E) effector organ

Question 32

The nodes of Ranvier

A) increase the conduction velocity of an action potential.
B) allow the current to flow easily between the extracellular fluid and the axon.
C) allow action potentials to develop.
D) allow for saltatory conduction of the action potential.
E) All of these are true of nodes of Ranvier.

Question 33

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of

A) the brain.
B) the spinal cord.
C) all the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.
D) the white and grey matter and the spinal cord.
E) the white matter and the ganglia.

Question 34

Dorsal roots of the spinal cord

A) have dorsal root ganglia.
B) have efferent nerve processes.
C) contain neurons that carry action potentials away from the spinal cord.
D) unite with other dorsal roots to form spinal nerves.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 35

White matter of the central nervous system

A) is formed by nerve cell bodies and their dendrites.
B) is formed by bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths.
C) forms the cortex of the brain.
D) forms nuclei deep within the brain.
E) have all of these properties.

Question 36

Which of these is NOT a component of the diencephalon?

A) thalamus
B) pons
C) pineal gland
D) hypothalamus
E) All of these are components of the diencephalon.

Question 37

Cranial nerves may contain

A) sensory (afferent) neurons.
B) motor (efferent) neurons.
C) parasympathetic (efferent) neurons.
D) any or all of these nerve cell types.

Question 38

Gaps between segments of oligodendrocytes or between individual Schwann cells are called

A) ganglia.
B) microglia.
C) nodes of Ranvier.
D) ependymal cells.
E) nerve tracts.

Question 39

The spinothalamic tracts of the spinal cord

A) are descending tracts.
B) carry pain, temperature, and light touch sensations.
C) carry proprioceptive information.
D) have upper and lower motor neurons.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 40

Clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS are called

A) nuclei.
B) nerve tracts.
C) nerves.
D) ganglia.
E) nodes of Ranvier.

Question 41

The _________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A) central nervous system
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
E) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

Question 42

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A) has postganglionic cell bodies in chain ganglia or collateral ganglia.
B) has preganglionic neurons in cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves.
C) when stimulated, slows the heart rate and the respiration rate.
D) includes preganglionic neurons that secrete norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 43

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A) is involved in vegetative activities, such as digestion, urination, and defecation.
B) has postganglionic cell bodies in terminal ganglia, located either near or within target organs.
C) has both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons that secrete acetylcholine.
D) has preganglionic cell bodies located in cranial and sacral areas.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 44

The limbic system

A) includes the olfactory cortex and portions of the diencephalon and portions of the cerebrum.
B) influences emotions, motivation and mood.
C) is functionally associated with the hypothalamus.
D) initiates responses necessary for survival, such as hunger and thirst.
E) has all of these properties.

Question 45

Numerous raised folds on the surface of each cerebral hemisphere are called

A) gyri.
B) sulci.
C) fissures.
D) lobes.
E) pineal bodies.

Question 46

To understand a word that one hears, action potentials from the ear reach the auditory cortex, travel to the auditory association cortex, and are comprehended as meaningful words by

A) Broca's area (motor speech area).
B) Wernicke's area (sensory speech area).
C) the prefrontal area.
D) the primary somatic sensory cortex.
E) the aphasic area.

Question 47

A whole series of neurons that are involved in the long-term retention of a given piece of information, thought, or idea is called

A) short-term memory.
B) a memory engram.
C) an EEG.
D) aphasia.
E) brain waves.

Question 48

The central nervous system disorder characterized by seizures (massive neuronal discharges) and, when motor pathways are affected, convulsions (involuntary muscle contractions) is

A) epilepsy.
B) Huntington's chorea.
C) migraine headache.
D) alzheimer's disease.
E) cerebral palsy.

Question 49

Why is it not normally possible for action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron to produce an action potential in the presynaptic neuron?

A) because the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons have no acetylcholine receptors
B) because the presynaptic neurons do not have a resting membrane potential
C) because the synaptic cleft allows the diffusion of acetylcholine in one direction only
D) because the synaptic vesicles in the postsynaptic terminal are inactive
E) both because the presynaptic neurons do not have a resting membrane potential and because the synaptic cleft allows the diffusion of acetylcholine in one direction only

Question 50

An individual has a severed corpus callosum. If directed to find an object with his left hand, without looking,

A) he probably could not find it.
B) he probably could find it, but could not say what it was.
C) he probably could find it, and could say what it was.

Question 51

The thickest and most superficial of the meninges is the

A) pia mater.
B) arachnoid layer.
C) dura mater.
D) choroid plexus.
E) dural sinus.

Question 52

The corpus callosum

A) consists of a broad band of white tracts.
B) is found at the base of the longitudinal fissure.
C) is the largest of the commissures.
D) allows sensory information to be shared between the two cerebral hemispheres.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 53

Roger Romeo, always the confident and self-assured man-about-campus, is dismayed to find that every time he smells the perfume his first girlfriend wore, he gets tears in his eyes and a lump in his throat. What is the most likely physiological explanation for this involuntary response?

A) The frontal lobe controls motor activity, which is inhibited by smell.
B) The substantia nigra secretes dopamine, which inhibits his corpus striatum, and causes emotional responses (i.e., acting like a "dope").
C) The mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus produce strong reflexive physical and emotional responses to odors and memories.
D) The temporal lobe evaluates auditory and olfactory input.
E) The comparator function of the cerebellum compares old and new smells.

Question 54

Afferent fibers carrying general sensory input synapse in the _____, from where the information is relayed to the general sensory area.

A) association areas
B) primary sensory areas
C) premotor area
D) prefrontal area
E) thalamus

Question 55

The cerebellum

A) has no gyri or sulci.
B) acts as an agonist as one of its major functions.
C) is involved in balance, maintenance of muscle tone, and coordination of fine motor movement.
D) is stimulated by alcohol.
E) acts as an agonist as one of its major functions and is involved in balance, maintenance of muscle tone, and coordination of fine motor movement.

Question 56

A space within the dura mater that collects blood from the small veins of the brain is called

A) the epidural space.
B) the subarachnoid space.
C) the dural venous sinuses.
D) the arachnoid layer.
E) the meningeal space.

Question 57

The part of the epithalamus that is an endocrine gland, is located posterior to the thalamus, and may influence puberty, is the

A) reticular formation.
B) midbrain.
C) mammillary bodies.
D) pineal gland.
E) infundibulum.

Question 58

Given these areas of the cerebral cortex: 1) prefrontal area
2) premotor area
3) primary motor area
If a person decided to jump over a chair, planned how to do it, and then actually jumped over the chair, which sequence below represents the correct order that these areas of the brain were involved?

A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3, 2
C) 2, 1, 3
D) 2, 3, 1
E) 3, 1, 2

Question 59

Basal nuclei

A) contains the corpus striatum.
B) contains the substantia nigra.
C) are important in planning, organizing and coordinating motor movements.
D) are linked with the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 60

The right cerebral hemisphere (in most people)

A) controls the activity of, and receives sensory input from the left side of the body.
B) contains the language centers.
C) is the analytical half of the cerebrum.
D) has a larger volume and mass than the left cerebral hemisphere
E) has all of these properties.

Question 61

Which type of cell has a single process that functions as an axon and dendrite? Most sensory neurons fit into this classification.
Rev: 02_05_2014_QC_38354

A) psuedo-unipolar neuron
B) Schwann cell
C) bipolar neuron
D) multipolar neuron
E) pyramidal cell

Question 62

The letter B represents what structure on this figure of a neuron?

A) dendrite
B) axon
C) collateral branch of axon
D) Node of Ranvier

Question 63

Which type of cell is composed of one dendrite and one axon, and is found in the eye and nose?

A) psuedo-unipolar neuron
B) Schwann cell
C) bipolar neuron
D) multipolar neuron
E) pyramidal cell

Question 64

The enteric nervous system

A) consists of the plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract.
B) includes sensory neurons, sympathetic and parasympathetic motor neurons, and enteric neurons.
C) is capable of monitoring and controlling the digestive tract independent of the CNS.
D) stimulates glands to secrete substances into the digestive tract.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 65

Which type of cell has several dendrites and one axon? Most motor neurons fit into this classification.

A) psuedo-unipolar neuron
B) Schwann cell
C) bipolar neuron
D) multipolar neuron
E) pyramidal cell

Question 66

Reception and evaluation of most sensory information, such as touch, balance, and taste are all associated with

A) the temporal lobes.
B) the frontal lobes of cerebral cortex.
C) the parietal lobes of cerebral cortex.
D) the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex.
E) the cerebellum.

Question 67

The effects of aging on the nervous system include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) decrease in the number of sensory neurons
B) neuronal function decreases
C) decrease in the number of motor neurons
D) size and weight of brain decreases
E) Neuron plasma membranes become more flexible therefore increasing the ability of the neurons to function.

Question 68

The letter A represents what structure on this figure of a neuron?

A) dendrite
B) axon
C) axon hillock
D) Node of Ranvier
E) Schwann cell

Question 69

When a doctor gives a patient epidural anesthesia, they are inserting a needle between which two structures?

A) pia mater and arachnoid mater
B) body of the vertebrae and dura mater
C) spinal cord and arachnoid mater
D) periosteum and dura mater
E) dorsal root ganglion and the transverse process

Question 70

The _________ is the efferent subdivision that transmits impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands through thoracic spinal nerves.

A) central nervous system
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
E) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

Question 71

Evaluation of auditory and olfactory input, memory, abstract thought, and judgment are all associated with

A) the temporal lobes.
B) the frontal lobes of cerebral cortex.
C) the parietal lobes of cerebral cortex.
D) the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex.
E) the cerebellum.

Question 72

The ________ consists of nerves, receptors, ganglia, and synapses outside the CNS.

A) central nervous system
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
E) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

Question 73

The ________ is the efferent subdivision that transmits impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle.

A) central nervous system
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
E) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

Question 74

The letter C represents what structure on this figure of a neuron?

A) dendrite
B) axon
C) axon hillock
D) Node of Ranvier
E) Schwann cell

Question 75

This figure is an example of a __________ neuron.

A) multipolar
B) bipolar
C) psuedo-unipolar
D) dipolar

Question 76

Voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, and mood are all associated with

A) the temporal lobes.
B) the frontal lobes of cerebral cortex.
C) the parietal lobes of cerebral cortex.
D) the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex.
E) the cerebellum.