Deck 1: The Human Organism

Question 1

The regulation of room temperature by a thermostat is an example of a feedback loop. In this system, a sensor within the thermostat detects a change in temperature below a programmed set point. The thermostat then sends a signal, which turns on the furnace. The furnace heats the room bringing it back up to the programmed temperature. Once the room temperature reaches the programmed set point, the thermostat "turns off" the furnace. Which of the following statements is consistent with the above scenario?

A) This scenario is an example of a negative feedback mechanism.
B) The thermostat is the "control center" while the furnace is the "effector".
C) This scenario is different from how negative feedback works in the body because negative feedback in the body maintains a normal range of values instead of one specific set point.
D) The "receptor" in this scenario is the temperature sensor within the thermostat.
E) All of these are true.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

In which quadrant of the abdomen is most of the liver usually located?

A) left lower quadrant
B) right lower quadrant
C) left upper quadrant
D) right upper quadrant

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Homeostasis is the condition produced by

A) a resistance to change of any kind.
B) the tendency for change in a body parameter to be counteracted as soon as the body parameter goes past its normal range of values.
C) the tendency for continued change in the same direction regardless of current values of any body parameter.
D) the presence of pathogens.
E) all of the conditions listed here.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living organisms is

A) physiology.
B) anatomic imaging.
C) regional anatomy.
D) surface anatomy.
E) systemic anatomy.

Question 5

Increased carbon dioxide in the blood increases respiration (breathing) rate. Which of these statements would apply to this mechanism?

A) This is a rare example of a positive-feedback system in the body, because increased carbon dioxide increases respiration rate.
B) This is positive feedback, because an increased respiration rate increases oxygen in the blood.
C) This is negative feedback because increased respiration rate decreases carbon dioxide in the blood.
D) This is negative feedback because a deviation from normal is enhanced and made larger.
E) This is negative feedback because increased respiration rate decreases carbon dioxide in the blood and this is negative feedback because a deviation from normal is enhanced and made larger apply.

Question 6

Which of these statements is true of negative feedback?

A) Negative feedback is important for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
B) Negative feedback makes any deviation from a normal value larger.
C) Negative feedback occurs when the uterus contracts during birth.
D) Negative feedback is a very unusual control mechanism in the human body.
E) Negative feedback will usually result in illness or other disturbance of normal systems.

Question 7

Which of these is an example of a positive-feedback mechanism?

A) An increase in blood pressure activates mechanisms that decrease blood pressure.
B) Increased amounts of a hormone in the blood cause a decrease in the secretion of that hormone.
C) Increased carbon dioxide in the blood increases breathing rate, which decreases carbon dioxide in the blood.
D) Increased amounts of fluid in the blood result in increased quantities of urine, which decreases fluid content of the blood.
E) Increased stretch of the uterus causes it to contract, which further increases stretch.

Question 8

Which of these characteristics of life means "The ability to use energy to perform vital functions?"

A) organization
B) metabolism
C) responsiveness
D) growth
E) differentiation

Question 9

A patient with a bleeding ulcer had an elevated heart rate, but his blood pressure was very low and dropping. After the bleeding was stopped and a blood transfusion was given, blood pressure increased. Which of these statements are consistent with these observations?

A) Negative-feedback mechanisms are occasionally inadequate without medical intervention.
B) The transfusion interrupted a positive-feedback mechanism.
C) The transfusion interrupted a negative-feedback mechanism.
D) The transfusion was not necessary.
E) "Both negative-feedback mechanisms are occasionally inadequate without medical intervention" and "the transfusion interrupted a positive-feedback mechanism" are consistent.

Question 10

__________ includes the changes an organism undergoes through time beginning with fertilization and ending at death.

A) organization
B) metabolism
C) responsiveness
D) reproduction
E) development

Question 11

The chemical level of organization

A) involves the interaction between atoms and the formation of molecules
B) is made up of organ systems that are classified as a unit by function
C) determines the structural and functional characteristics of all organisms
D) Involves the interaction between atoms and the formation of molecules and which determines the structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are correct.
E) All of these are correct for the chemical level of organization.

Question 12

The study of the body's organization that considers the heart, blood and all of the associated blood vessels as a unit is called

A) systemic anatomy
B) regional anatomy
C) surface anatomy
D) physiology
E) anatomic imaging

Question 13

__________ refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform functions.

A) Organization
B) Metabolism
C) Responsiveness
D) Growth
E) Development

Question 14

__________ refers the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments needed to help maintain its life.

A) organization
B) metabolism
C) responsiveness
D) growth
E) development

Question 15

Growth refers to an increase in size of all or part of an organism. It can result from:

A) an increase in the number of cells within the organism
B) an increase in the size of individual cells within the organism
C) an increase in the amount of substances surrounding the cells.
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 16

The study of external features, such as bony projections that serve as landmarks to locate deeper structures is called

A) systemic anatomy.
B) regional anatomy.
C) surface anatomy.
D) physiology.
E) anatomic imaging.

Question 17

The study of the body's organization by areas (the approach used in most medical schools) is called

A) systemic anatomy
B) regional anatomy
C) surface anatomy
D) physiology
E) anatomic imaging

Question 18

Positive feedback mechanisms:

A) are few in a normal healthy individual.
B) are used to amplify the effect or response of a system.
C) sometimes can create a deviation from homeostasis that leads to death.
D) cause the deviation from normal to become even more pronounced.
E) All of these are true.

Question 19

According to the six criteria given as characteristics of life (organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction), is a virus such as HIV "alive"?

A) Yes, it has all 6 characteristics.
B) No, it has none of the 6 characteristics.
C) Unknown, it has one characteristic (when not including its host cell's components) but does not have the rest.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function.
B) Because organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one organ system can have profound effects on other systems.
C) An organism is any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as a bacteria or trillions of cells such as a human.
D) Living things are highly organized and disruption of this organized state can lead to loss of function and death.
E) All of these statements are true

Question 21

A cavity containing the heart, but not the lungs is

A) thoracic cavity.
B) pelvic cavity.
C) abdominal cavity.
D) pericardial cavity.
E) pleural cavity.

Question 22

When you scratch a cat's back along its spine, which of the following terms would apply to the skin you are scratching?

A) dorsal, superior, posterior, lateral
B) ventral, inferior, anterior, medial, deep
C) dorsal, superior, medial, superficial
D) ventral, superior, medial, deep
E) ventral, inferior, posterior, lateral

Question 23

Which of the following is a cut through the long axis of an organ?

A) frontal section
B) sagittal section
C) longitudinal section
D) transverse section
E) oblique section

Question 24

A cavity containing the urinary bladder; enclosed by the bones of the pelvis is

A) thoracic cavity.
B) pelvic cavity.
C) abdominal cavity.
D) pericardial cavity.
E) pleural cavity.

Question 25

Anatomical position refers to individuals that are

A) standing erect, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing inward.
B) standing erect, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing anterior.
C) laying supine, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing inward.
D) laying supine, upper limbs at their sides and palms facing anterior.
E) laying supine, upper limbs extended over their head.

Question 26

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

A) diaphragm.
B) mediastinum.
C) liver.
D) lungs.
E) pelvic muscles.

Question 27

The region designated by the letter "E" is known as the _________________ region.

A) umbilical
B) hypogastric
C) lumbar
D) hypochondriac
E) iliac

Question 28

In which of these cavities would the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs be found?

A) thoracic
B) pleural
C) pelvic
D) abdominal
E) pericardial

Question 29

In which quadrant of the abdomen would the pain of acute appendicitis be felt?

A) left lower quadrant
B) right lower quadrant
C) left upper quadrant
D) right upper quadrant

Question 30

If you make a Jell-O mold that has strawberries suspended in it and whipped cream on top, the strawberries are _____________ while the whipped cream is _________.

A) superficial; deep
B) deep; superficial
C) anterior; deep
D) prone; deep
E) All of these are correct

Question 31

A patient arrives at an emergency room with a traumatic pneumothorax after a car accident. In the course of the accident, the patient suffered a penetration wound, which allowed air to fill the space around one of her lungs causing it to collapse. Which serous membranes were likely damaged assuming that the lung itself was not punctured?

A) visceral pleura
B) visceral pericardium
C) parietal pleura
D) visceral peritoneum
E) mesenteries

Question 32

A cavity containing the lungs, but not the heart is the

A) thoracic cavity.
B) pelvic cavity.
C) abdominal cavity.
D) pericardial cavity.
E) pleural cavity.

Question 33

Which of the sections below separates the body into dorsal and ventral parts?

A) frontal section
B) sagittal section
C) longitudinal section
D) transverse section
E) oblique section

Question 34

Which of the following pairs of terms are synonymous in bipedal animals such as humans but not in quadrupeds (animals that walk on all four feet)?

A) superior and anterior
B) anterior and superficial
C) proximal and superficial
D) anterior and ventral
E) dorsal and lateral

Question 35

Which of the following is a cavity containing the liver, stomach, kidneys, and spleen?

A) thoracic cavity
B) pelvic cavity
C) abdominal cavity
D) pericardial cavity
E) pleural cavity

Question 36

The region designated by the letter "H" is known as the _________________ region.

A) umbilical
B) hypogastric
C) lumbar
D) hypochondriac
E) iliac

Question 37

Which of the sections below separates the body into right and left parts?

A) frontal section
B) median plane/(sagittal) section
C) longitudinal section
D) transverse section
E) oblique section

Question 38

The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and urinary bladder are

A) connected to the body wall by mesenteries.
B) covered with visceral peritoneum.
C) found in the peritoneal cavity.
D) retroperitoneal.
E) surrounded by peritoneal fluid.

Question 39

The pericardial cavity

A) contains the pericardial fluid.
B) surrounds the lungs.
C) is located between visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum.
D) is retroperitoneal.
E) All of these are true.

Question 40

Which of the sections below separates the body into superior and inferior parts?

A) frontal section
B) sagittal section
C) longitudinal section
D) transverse section
E) oblique section

Question 41

The guillotine, a medieval instrument for beheading criminals, could be described as passing along a _________ plane through the neck.

A) frontal
B) sagittal
C) transverse
D) longitudinal
E) superior

Question 42

The mesenteries

A) are double-layered membranes.
B) anchor some abdominal organs to the body wall.
C) are not connected to retroperitoneal organs.
D) are continuous with the parietal and visceral peritoneum.
E) All of these are true.

Question 43

Which of the following is a cut through an organ at right angles to the long axis?

A) frontal section
B) sagittal section
C) longitudinal section
D) transverse section
E) oblique section

Question 44

"A group of cells with similar structure and function plus the extracellular substances located between them," describes

A) organelles.
B) organisms.
C) organs.
D) organ systems.
E) tissues.

Question 45

Which of these statements about serous membranes is true?

A) Serous membranes line cavities that open to the outside of the body.
B) Visceral serous membranes are in contact with internal organs.
C) Retroperitoneal organs are surrounded by both parietal and visceral serous membranes.
D) Serous membranes surround the pleural and peritoneal cavities, but not the pericardial cavity.
E) All of these are true.

Question 46

Given these structures: 1) cell
2) organ
3) chemical
4) organ system
5) organism
6) tissue
Arrange the structures in the correct order from smallest to largest:

A) 3, 1, 6, 2, 4, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
C) 2, 3, 1, 6, 4, 5
D) 4, 5, 3, 1, 6, 2
E) 4, 3, 1, 6, 2, 5

Question 47

In studying physiology, it is important to recognize that structures within the body are:

A) static.
B) dynamic and mutable.
C) fixed.
D) unchanging.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT the correct name of an organ system?

A) integumentary
B) lymphatic
C) cardiovascular
D) muscular
E) hormonal

Question 49

A cut across the long axis of an organ at an angle other than a right angle is described as a(n)

A) longitudinal section.
B) oblique section.
C) transverse section.
D) cross section.
E) horizontal section.

Question 50

When a person is in anatomical position, the wrist is _____ to the elbow.

A) proximal
B) dorsal
C) distal
D) ventral
E) superior

Question 51

From the anatomical position, the scapula (shoulder blade) is always _____ to the ribs.

A) dorsal
B) posterior
C) superficial
D) both dorsal and posterior
E) dorsal, posterior, and superficial

Question 52

The fluid found between serous membrane layers

A) is blood.
B) reduces friction.
C) is secreted by digestive glands.
D) appears only after an injury.
E) is blood and appears only after an injury.

Question 53

The basic structural and functional units of an organism, such as plant or animal, is the

A) organ.
B) cell.
C) organelle.
D) organ system.
E) tissue.