Question 1

A 6-year-old male presents with fever, pain, swelling, and warmth. Tests reveal osteomyelitis and development of an involucrum. Treatment should include:&#10;A) antibiotics only.&#10;B) surgical debridement and antibiotics.&#10;C) limb amputation.&#10;D) no intervention.

Accepted Answer

Osteomyelitis, especially with the development of an involucrum, typically requires surgical debridement to remove infected tissue and bone. Antibiotics alone may not be sufficient to completely treat the infection. Amputation is only considered in severe cases where other treatment options have failed. No intervention would allow the infection to progress and potentially lead to serious complications.

Question 2

A 2-month-old female was diagnosed with developmental dysplasia of the hip. If left untreated, she may develop hip:&#10;A) fracture.&#10;B) degeneration.&#10;C) dislocation.&#10;D) abduction.

Accepted Answer

If left untreated, developmental dysplasia of the hip may lead to hip dislocation. Fractures and degeneration may also occur as complications, but dislocation is the most likely outcome if the condition is not treated. Abduction is not a complication of developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Question 3

A 13-year-old female presents with pain at night, cough, and dyspnea. Testing reveals a malignant bone tumor. The most likely type of tumor is:&#10;A) nonossifying fibroma.&#10;B) chondrosarcoma.&#10;C) Ewing sarcoma.&#10;D) osteosarcoma.

Accepted Answer

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. It is characterized by pain, swelling, and tenderness of the affected bone. The tumor can occur in any bone, but it is most commonly found in the long bones of the legs and arms.

Question 4

There is a link between osteosarcoma and:&#10;A) rhabdomyosarcoma.&#10;B) Ewing sarcoma.&#10;C) fibroma.&#10;D) retinoblastoma.

Accepted Answer

Osteosarcoma has been linked to retinoblastoma, particularly hereditary retinoblastoma, due to shared genetic mutations in the RB1 gene.

Question 5

Which protein is present in normal muscle cells and absent in muscle cells affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy?&#10;A) Actin&#10;B) Myosin&#10;C) Dystrophin&#10;D) Troponin

Accepted Answer

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for dystrophin, a protein that helps stabilize muscle fibers. Therefore, dystrophin is absent in muscle cells affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Actin, myosin, and troponin are all present in both normal and Duchenne affected muscle cells.

Question 6

A 9-month-old male was diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta following recurrent fractures and findings of osteopenia. This disease is caused by errors in the synthesis of:&#10;A) elastin.&#10;B) glycoproteins.&#10;C) collagen.&#10;D) calcium salts.

Accepted Answer

Osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by errors in the synthesis of collagen, the main protein in bone tissue. This leads to weakened and brittle bones, leading to recurrent fractures and osteopenia. Elastin and glycoproteins are not central to bone tissue synthesis, and while calcium salts are important for bone structure, errors in their synthesis do not lead to osteogenesis imperfecta.

Question 7

Duchenne muscular dystrophy has a(n) _____ inheritance pattern.&#10;A) autosomal recessive&#10;B) X-linked recessive&#10;C) Y-linked dominant&#10;D) chromosomal

Accepted Answer

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome, so it has an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. This means that the gene is located on the X chromosome, and males only inherit one X chromosome from their mother, so if they receive a mutated X chromosome, they will develop the disease. Females have two X chromosomes, so they can inherit one mutated X chromosome and one normal X chromosome, and may be carriers of the disease without exhibiting symptoms.

Question 8

A 3-year-old male presents with developmental delay. Testing reveals that the child has muscular dystrophy. This disease causes:&#10;A) hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells.&#10;B) atrophy of smooth muscle cells.&#10;C) hyperplasia of skeletal muscle fibers.&#10;D) degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers.

Accepted Answer

Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers, resulting in weakness and eventual loss of muscle function. It does not affect smooth muscle cells or lead to hyperplasia or hypertrophy of muscle cells.

Question 9

A major predictor of prognosis for Ewing sarcoma is:&#10;A) age of onset.&#10;B) size of tumor.&#10;C) presence of metastasis.&#10;D) gender of child.

Accepted Answer

The presence of metastasis is a major predictor of prognosis for Ewing sarcoma. Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive form of cancer that often spreads to other parts of the body. If the cancer has already metastasized at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis is poorer. Age of onset, size of tumor, and gender of child may also play a role in prognosis, but the presence of metastasis is the strongest predictor.

Question 10

Structural scoliosis with no known cause, termed _____ scoliosis, accounts for at least 65% of the cases.&#10;A) idiopathic&#10;B) etiologic&#10;C) iatrogenic&#10;D) primary

Accepted Answer

Idiopathic scoliosis is a term used to describe cases of scoliosis where the cause is unknown. It is the most common type of scoliosis and accounts for at least 65% of cases. Etiologic scoliosis refers to cases where the cause is known, iatrogenic scoliosis is caused by medical treatments or interventions, and primary scoliosis is a non-specific term that can refer to any type of scoliosis that is not secondary to another condition.

Question 11

A 5-year-old female was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The treatment option for this disease is:&#10;A) supportive.&#10;B) curative.&#10;C) nonexistent.&#10;D) experimental.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 5-year-old female was diagnosed with juvenile...

Question 12

Legg-Calv&#233;-Perthes disease affects which of the following joints?&#10;A) Vertebral&#10;B) Shoulder&#10;C) Hip&#10;D) Knee

Accepted Answer

The answer of Legg-Calv&#233;-Perthes disease affects which of the following...

Question 13

Children with osteogenesis imperfecta suffer from frequent:&#10;A) bone fractures.&#10;B) dislocations.&#10;C) bone infections.&#10;D) joint injuries.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children with osteogenesis imperfecta suffer from frequent:&#10;A)...

Question 14

A 22-year-old female has a brother with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and wants to know if her children will inherit it. A fairly accurate test to identify female carriers of the disease is measurement of serum levels of:

A) dystrophin.
B) myoglobin.
C) creatine kinase.
D) troponin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 22-year-old female has a brother with...

Question 15

A 16-year-old male was recently diagnosed with osteosarcoma. The tumor is most likely present in the _____ of long bones.&#10;A) epiphyses&#10;B) metaphyses&#10;C) marrow&#10;D) osteocytes

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 16-year-old male was recently diagnosed with...

Question 16

A 9-month-old male was diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta following recurrent fractures and findings of osteopenia. This disease is caused by:&#10;A) uterine teratogens.&#10;B) a genetic defect.&#10;C) malnutrition.&#10;D) trauma.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 9-month-old male was diagnosed with osteogenesis...

Question 17

Ewing sarcoma originates from:&#10;A) osteoblasts.&#10;B) osteocytes.&#10;C) osteoclasts.&#10;D) the bone marrow.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ewing sarcoma originates from:&#10;A) osteoblasts.&#10;B) osteocytes.&#10;C) osteoclasts.&#10;D)...

Question 18

A 1-year-old female was diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta. Which of the following could be a life-threatening complication in this patient?&#10;A) Congestive heart failure&#10;B) Patent ductus arteriosus&#10;C) Aortic aneurysm&#10;D) Pulmonary emboli

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 1-year-old female was diagnosed with osteogenesis...

Question 19

Osgood-Schlatter disease causes inflammation of the:&#10;A) shoulder joint.&#10;B) patellar tendon.&#10;C) elbow ligaments.&#10;D) hip cartilage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Osgood-Schlatter disease causes inflammation of the:&#10;A) shoulder...

Question 20

Polyarthritis is a type of juvenile arthritis in which:&#10;A) more than one joint is affected.&#10;B) more than three joints are affected.&#10;C) joint fusion has occurred.&#10;D) there is a severe onset of system symptoms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Polyarthritis is a type of juvenile arthritis...

Deck 38: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children