Deck 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Question 1

A 9-year-old male contracted influenza. Which of the following complications is of greatest concern?

A) Chronic bronchitis
B) Bronchiolitis obliterans
C) Emphysema
D) Respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 1

Bronchiolitis obliterans

Question 2

An 11-year-old female presents with a low-grade fever and cough. She is diagnosed with atypical pneumonia. This condition is also known as:

A) pneumococcal pneumonia.
B) viral pneumonia.
C) Mycoplasma pneumonia.
D) streptococcal pneumonia.

Answer 2

Mycoplasma pneumonia.

Question 3

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. This condition appeared:

A) within minutes of birth.
B) 2 to 3 hours after birth.
C) within the first 12 to 24 hours after birth.
D) 24 to 48 hours after exposure to an infectious organism.

Answer 3

within minutes of birth.

Question 4

In asthma, _____ is (are) reduced.

A) lung volumes
B) expiratory flow rates
C) air trapping
D) dead space

Question 5

A 13-year-old female is diagnosed with asthma. Which of the following should she recognize as part of an asthmatic attack?

A) Headache
B) Chest pain
C) Wheezing
D) Bradycardia

Question 6

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following is the most important predisposing factor for this condition?

A) Low birth weight
B) Alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy
C) Premature birth
D) Smoking by the mother during pregnancy

Question 7

A 5-year-old male presents with high fever, inspiratory stridor, severe respiratory distress, drooling, and dysphagia. Which of the following is most important in diagnosing this disease?

A) Presence of subcostal retractions
B) Onset and duration of symptoms
C) Presence of fever
D) Presence of respiratory stridor

Question 8

A 14-year-old male is experiencing an asthma exacerbation. Which of the following cells in the submucosa promote this inflammatory response?

A) Neutrophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Macrophages
D) Lymphocytes

Question 9

A 2-week-old female presents with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and empyema. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Viral pneumonia
B) Pneumococcal pneumonia
C) Staphylococcal pneumonia
D) Mycoplasma

Question 10

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. He develops atelectasis because of:

A) lack of surfactant.
B) pulmonary edema.
C) airway obstruction.
D) pulmonary fibrosis.

Question 11

A 6-month-old female presents with rhinorrhea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy, and fever. She is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which of the following is most likely causing her condition?

A) Parainfluenza virus
B) Haemophilus B influenzae
C) Respiratory syncytial virus
D) Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Question 12

Cardiovascular alterations seen in respiratory distress syndrome include:

A) left-to-right shunt.
B) left ventricular dilation.
C) pulmonary hypotension.
D) opening of fetal shunt pathways.

Question 13

A 2-year-old male presents with fever and cough. He is diagnosed with pneumonia. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A) Bacteria
B) Viruses
C) Mycoplasma species
D) Toxic inhalations

Question 14

During a respiratory assessment of an infant with respiratory distress syndrome, a sinking in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas of the thorax was noted with inspiration. This observation is called:

A) grunting.
B) tachypnea
C) retractions.
D) nasal flaring.

Question 15

A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. The most likely cause of this disease is:

A) bacteria.
B) acute hyperventilation.
C) allergy.
D) viral infection.

Question 16

A 10-year-old male was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Which of the following treatments would most likely be tried first?

A) Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
B) Weight loss
C) Continuous positive airway pressure
D) Drug therapy

Question 17

Respiratory distress and hypoxemia in laryngotracheobronchitis are caused by:

A) infectious pulmonary edema.
B) mucosal edema and laryngeal secretions.
C) decreased surfactant.
D) nasopharyngeal obstruction.

Question 18

Bronchiolitis mainly occurs in children under the age of:

A) 1 year.
B) 2 years.
C) 4 years.
D) 6 years.

Question 19

An infant was born 10 weeks premature and put on mechanical ventilation. Two months later he presents with hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis?

A) Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
B) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
C) Bronchiolitis
D) Pneumonia

Question 20

A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. Which of the following symptoms is most likely present?

A) Hemoptysis and mucus production
B) High fever and dry cough
C) Respiratory stridor and barking cough
D) Drooling and snoring

Question 21

Cystic fibrosis is an:

A) autosomal recessive disease.
B) autosomal dominant disease.
C) X-linked recessive disease.
D) X-linked dominant disease.

Question 22

To prevent sudden infant death syndrome, parents should be instructed to:

A) place infants on a soft mattress for sleeping.
B) always lay infants down on their backs to sleep.
C) breastfeed their infants.
D) keep the infant's room very warm.

Question 23

A 1-year-old child with cystic fibrosis would demonstrate elevated levels of which of these compounds in both sweat and salivary gland secretions?

A) Potassium
B) Sodium chloride
C) Magnesium
D) Carbonic acid

Question 24

A young patient is admitted to the pediatric unit with cystic fibrosis exacerbation. The main cause of respiratory difficulties in individuals with cystic fibrosis is:

A) airway rigidity.
B) pulmonary edema.
C) recurrent pneumonias.
D) asthma-like bronchospasms.

Question 25

A 2-year-old female fell in a swimming pool and nearly drowned. She then developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following did she most likely experience?

A) Decreased heart rate
B) Increased lung compliance
C) Increased surfactant production
D) Hypoxemia

Question 26

A 7-month-old male presents with failure to thrive and frequent, loose, and oily stools. Sweat testing reveals increased chloride. Which of the following would also accompany this disease?

A) Autoantibodies that target the lungs and pancreas
B) A thick mucus
C) Enzymes that degrade surfactant in the alveoli
D) A toxic amount of electrolytes from secretory glands

Question 27

A 5-month-old female is found dead in her crib. The coroner ruled SIDS as cause of death. Which of the following risk factors is most likely associated?

A) Congenital heart disease
B) Female gender
C) Caucasian race
D) Frequent respiratory infections

Question 28

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs most often between _____ months of age.

A) 1 and 2
B) 3 and 4
C) 6 and 8
D) 8 and 12