Deck 15: Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Question 1

Chlorpromazine was initially developed to prevent surgical shock,but was later found to most effectively treat

A) depression.
B) schizophrenia.
C) mania.
D) anxiety.
E) neuroses.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia may be caused by

A) poor parenting.
B) a single recessive gene.
C) excessive activity in dopamine circuits in the brain.
D) a degenerative disorder of the brain.
E) an imbalance of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

All of the following statements about the genetic basis of schizophrenia are true EXCEPT that

A) adoption studies indicate a biological basis for schizophrenia.
B) the concordance rate for schizophrenia is higher for monozygotic than for dizygotic twins.
C) a person with a "schizophrenia gene" will always develop schizophrenia.
D) several genes may be involved in schizophrenia.
E) genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia is

A) anxiety.
B) flat mood.
C) social withdrawal.
D) intense euphoria..
E) difficulty in communicating via sign language.

Question 5

The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately ________ percent.

A) 0.1
B) 1
C) 2.5
D) 5
E) 8

Question 6

In coining the term schizophrenia,Bleuler emphasized

A) the inability to make important decisions.
B) delusional thinking.
C) a separation of thoughts and feelings.
D) extreme sadness in the presence of mania.
E) multiple personalities.

Question 7

An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia would be

A) hearing voices that repeat senseless words and phrases.
B) experiencing a feeling of euphoria at the start of an episode.
C) believing that doctors are part of a plot to poison you.
D) thinking that you are the most powerful being on earth.
E) exhibiting flattened emotional expression.

Question 8

Schizophrenic hallucinations are most likely to involve the ________ system.

A) tactile
B) visual
C) kinesthetic
D) audition
E) olfactory

Question 9

Delusions

A) are beliefs that are contrary to fact.
B) indicate the presence of depression.
C) are perceptions that occur without the presence of stimuli.
D) are linked to brain damage.
E) are common negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 10

The correct order of appearance of schizophrenic symptoms is

A) positive -> negative -> cognitive
B) cognitive -> positive -> negative
C) cognitive -> negative -> positive
D) negative -> cognitive -> positive
E) positive -> cognitive -> negative

Question 11

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A) are best illustrated by hallucinations.
B) represent additions to normal behaviors.
C) are likely to be caused by excessive brain dopamine activity.
D) represent the absence of normal behaviors.
E) are best illustrated by delusions.

Question 12

The likelihood that a child born to two schizophrenic parents will become schizophrenic is less than 50 percent.This suggests that

A) schizophrenia is not produced by a single gene.
B) schizophrenic parents rarely marry.
C) schizophrenia is a metabolic disorder.
D) schizophrenia is produced by a single dominant gene.
E) schizophrenia is associated with infertility.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true of schizophrenia?

A) Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder.
B) The term means "split mind."
C) The incidence of schizophrenia is about 1 percent of the world population.
D) The term means "split personality."
E) Schizophrenia has been recognized as a disorder for thousands of years.

Question 14

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is caused by

A) damage to ascending dopamine fibers.
B) a breakdown product of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
C) overactivity of dopaminergic synapses.
D) low levels of one or more of the monoamines.
E) an imbalance between acetylcholine and dopamine within the frontal cortex.

Question 15

An example of a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia is

A) anxiety.
B) difficulty in eye tracking.
C) deficits in learning and memory.
D) delusion.
E) hallucinations.

Question 16

An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia is

A) poor abstract thinking.
B) the inability to experience pleasure.
C) an auditory hallucination.
D) low psychomotor speed.
E) poor problem-solving.

Question 17

The major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include

A) positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms.
B) hallucinations and social withdrawal.
C) thought disorder and impaired language ability.
D) delusions and hallucinations.
E) delusions and profound sadness.

Question 18

________ proposed that removal of the frontal lobes could be used to alleviate human ________.

A) Sigmund Freud; unconscious conflict
B) Egas Moniz; anxiety
C) Eugene Bleuler; schizophrenia
D) Neil Carlson; anxiety
E) Egas Moniz; schizophrenia

Question 19

A homeless person who believes that he is the President of the USA is most likely suffering from a delusion of

A) perception.
B) control.
C) grandeur.
D) low self-esteem.
E) hypochondiasis.

Question 20

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A) are associated with low levels of brain dopamine activity.
B) usually require long hospital terms to treat.
C) represent the absence or diminution of normal behaviors.
D) indicate that the patient cannot accurately perceive reality.
E) are specific to schizophrenia.

Question 21

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to

A) having an older father.
B) excessive birth weight.
C) brain damage.
D) a "schizophrenia gene."
E) overactivity of dopaminergic neurons.

Question 22

Research conducted by Weinberger and others shows anatomical changes in the brains of schizophrenic patients,relative to controls.Which of the following was the major finding of these studies?

A) decreased number of gyri and sulci in control patients
B) increased number of cells within the corpus callosum in schizophrenic patients
C) Schizophrenic patients show increased size of the lateral ventricles.
D) Schizophrenic patients show an increase in cortical volume.
E) Schizophrenic patients show fewer problems with eye tracking than do controls.

Question 23

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the development of schizophrenia?

A) being born into an affluent family
B) having a young father
C) being born five months after a major flu epidemic
D) being born in a rural area
E) being born in the summer

Question 24

The mesolimbic pathway projects from the ________ to the ________.

A) ventral tegmental area; frontal cortex
B) globus pallidus; ventral tegmental area
C) midbrain; cingulate cortex
D) ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens and amygdala
E) substantia nigra; caudate

Question 25

Which of the following would represent a neurological symptom evident in schizophrenia?

A) having poor control of eye movements and odd facial expressions
B) exhibiting excessive emotional expression
C) believing that doctors are part of a plot to poison you
D) thinking that you are the most powerful being on earth
E) experiencing a feeling of euphoria at the start of an episode

Question 26

Which of the following is a minor physical abnormality found in schizophrenia patients?

A) thin-set eyes
B) a short, round tongue
C)symmetrical ears
D) partial webbing of the two middle toes
E) acne

Question 27

Which of the following is true of the seasonality effect?

A) Schizophrenia is more likely to occur in a person born in June, July, and August.
B) The seasonality effect is lower in rural settings than in urban settings.
C) The seasonality effect is mostly due to indoor smoking by the mother during the winter.
D) The seasonality effect is enhanced when fall temperatures are higher than normal.
E) The effect does not occur in regions that free access to antibiotics.

Question 28

Children who later in life develop schizophrenia are more likely to show ________ in movies recorded earlier in their childhood.

A) more sociability
B) euphoria
C) less sociability
D) less overall activity
E) symmetrical facial features

Question 29

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are reversed by drugs that are

A) similar in structure to the benzodiazepines.
B) dopamine receptor agonists.
C) antagonists at GABA receptors.
D) agonists at serotonin receptors.
E) dopamine receptor antagonists.

Question 30

A key prediction of the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is that

A) children born a few months after the start of a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
B) mothers taking antibiotics should not have schizophrenic offspring.
C) children born a few months before a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
D) exposure of the fetus to a virus during the third trimester is most likely to induce schizophrenia.
E) rates of schizophrenia should not differ between northern and southern climates.

Question 31

Imagine that you have been handed a list of drugs and that beside each drug name is a number that represents the potency of that drug for blocking dopamine receptors (where a low number means a greater potency at blocking).Which drug would be the most potent for the treatment of schizophrenia?

A) potency value = 0.1
B) potency value = 0.3
C) potency value = 1.0
D) potency value = 5.0
E) potency value = 100.0

Question 32

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to result from overactivity of ________ neurons of the ________.

A) cholinergic; basal forebrain
B) NPY; hypothalamus
C) dopaminergic; mesolimbic system
D) noradrenergic; nucleus accumbens
E) serotonergic; raphe nuclei

Question 33

The dopamine hypothesis is supported by the finding that

A) reserpine depletes monoamine vesicles and makes schizophrenia worse.
B) cocaine and amphetamine induce negative schizophrenia symptoms.
C) drugs that induce schizophrenic symptoms are dopamine antagonists.
D) dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
E) ketamine reverses positive schizophrenia sysmptoms.

Question 34

Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it

A) reverses both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
B) has little blocking action within the striatum.
C) is more potent at blocking D2 receptors than D4 receptors.
D) effectively treats schizophrenia, but also produces motor side effects.
E) does not induce mania.

Question 35

Which of the drugs below would be expected to either produce or worsen the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A) PROZAC
B) caffeine
C) cocaine
D) aspirin
E) lithium

Question 36

Which of the following is known to increase the risk of schizophrenia?

A) being born before a long flu season
B) being born during the late summer
C) being born in a southern latitude
D) having a monochorionic twin who is schizophrenic
E) having a father who smokes

Question 37

Which of the following supports the contention that schizophrenia is associated with brain damage?

A) The size of the lateral ventricles decreases in schizophrenic patients.
B) The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients.
C) The neurological symptoms noted in schizophrenia are unique to this disorder.
D) Control subjects are more likely to show neurological symptoms.
E) Older people, who have already lost substantial numbers of neurons, are more likely to develop schizophrenia than are younger people.

Question 38

The seasonality effect refers to the observation that

A) people born during the winter are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
B) schizophrenic symptoms intensify during the summer.
C) the rate of admissions to hospitals for schizophrenia is highest in the winter.
D) people are more likely to contract flu during the summer months.
E) the rate of admissions to hospitals for schizophrenia is lowest in the winter.

Question 39

John has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has shown improvement in positive symptoms while taking chlorpromazine (CPZ).Which of the actions below,if taken by John,would be expected to greatly worsen his positive schizophrenia symptoms?

A) John stops taking CPZ and takes part in a cocaine party.
B) John takes double his normal CPZ dose per day.
C) John takes reserpine in addition to CPZ.
D) John mixes alcohol with CPZ.
E) John ingests ?-methyl-para-tyrosine in addition to CPZ.

Question 40

Which of the following is an explanation offered by Carlson for the seasonality effect in schizophrenia?

A) People are more likely to be outdoors during the early fall, leading to greater risk of a viral infection.
B) A fetus born during the late summer is more likely to experience a viral infection during the second trimester.
C) Immune function is generally enhanced during the winter months.
D) A fetus born in the late winter is more likely to have been exposed to a viral infection during the second trimester.
E) Birthing during the winter represents a stressor that impairs dopamine function.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression?

A) constipation and dry mouth
B) sleep disturbances
C) increased appetite for sex
D) decreased appetite for food
E) periods of intense crying

Question 42

Suffering from a major affective disorder carries with it a serious risk of

A) developing delusions and compulsions.
B) death by suicide.
C) cardiac disease.
D) loss of dopamine cells within the prefrontal cortex.
E) poor grooming habits.

Question 43

Episodes of mania in bipolar disorder are characterized by

A) strong feelings of guilt.
B) extreme sadness.
C) crying spells.
D) suicidal thoughts.
E) euphoria.

Question 44

Phencyclidine is of interest for the study of schizophrenia in that this drug

A) is an agonist of the NMDA receptor.
B) increases dopamine utilization in the prefrontal cortex.
C) impairs feeding regulation in monkeys.
D) reproduces the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
E) produces minor physical anomalies.

Question 45

PCP acts as a(n)________ at ________ receptors.

A) agonist; NMDA
B) antagonist; dopamine
C) agonist; acetylcholine
D) noncompetitive antagonist; NMDA
E) antagonist; GABA

Question 46

________ produces both positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms.

A) Dopamine antagonists
B) Haloperidol
C) Phencyclidine
D) Chlordiazepoxide
E) Amphetamine

Question 47

MRI studies of schizophrenic brains indicates

A) a sharp dip in brain volume during early adulthood in schizophrenic subjects.
B) that schizophrenic patients showed more cortical volume than controls.
C) a loss of brain volume starting in the occipital lobes.
D) that excessive volume loss from the temporal lobes was related to the development of tactile hallucinations.
E) a loss of brain volume starting in the temporal lobes.

Question 48

Alternating episodes of elation and sadness are referred to as

A) bipolar disorder.
B) unipolar depression.
C) severe mania.
D) severe depression.
E) schizoaffective disorder.

Question 49

A drug that decreases the activity of neurons within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex would be expected to

A) induce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
B) induce only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) decrease the levels of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
D) be an effective treatment for schizophrenia.
E) be an effective treatment for thought and language disorders.

Question 50

Mania refers to feelings of

A) extreme sadness.
B) anxiety.
C) extreme elation.
D) pride.
E) distance and loneliness.

Question 51

The majority of schizophrenia cases will develop the disorder between the ages of

A) 12-14.
B) 20-24.
C) 30-34.
D) 40-44.
E) 55-59.

Question 52

Which of the following supports the notion that the prefrontal cortex is related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A) Schizophrenic patients show a greater number of neurons within the gray matter of the frontal cortex.
B) Schizophrenic patients show greater activity of the frontal cortex than do controls.
C) Schizophrenic patients do poorly on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to damage of the prefrontal cortex.
D) MRI studies indicate abnormalities within the parietal cortex of schizophrenics.
E) MRI studies indicate abnormalities within the temporal cortex of schizophrenics.

Question 53

Episodes of depression are characterized by

A) strong feelings of euphoria.
B) extreme sadness.
C) hair pulling.
D) high energy.
E) hallucinations.

Question 54

A mutation of the _____ gene may induce abnormalities of neurons in the ____ which results in schizophrenia.

A) DISC-3; hippocampus
B) DISC-1; prefrontal cortex
C) DISC-3; amygdala
D) DISC-4; prefrontal cortex
E) DISC-1; motor cortex

Question 55

Weinberger argues that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to

A) increased neural activity within the ventral tegmental area.
B) elevated dopamine activity within the nucleus accumbens.
C) increased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
D) decreased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
E) gains in brain volume during young adulthood.

Question 56

An example of a positive benefit associated with a manic episode is

A) intense effort at completing a project.
B) intense euphoria.
C) delusions of grandeur.
D) increased energy to take on many projects at once.
E) severe disorganization.

Question 57

Atypical antipsychotic drugs increase activity in the _______,but decrease activity in the ______.

A) ventral tegmental area; amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex; nucleus accumbens
C) amygdala; hippocampus
D) nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex
E) amygdala; ventral tegmental area

Question 58

Which of the following is an "environmental" factor that interacts with genetics for the development of schizophrenia?

A) whether or not the twins were exposed to high levels of lead
B) whether or not the mother consumed a high-fat diet during pregnancy
C) whether identical twins shared the same or different placentas
D) whether the pregnancy occurred on the East or West coasts
E) whether or not fraternal twins experienced birth complications

Question 59

________ reverses the positive,negative,and cognitive symptoms by schizophrenia by acting as a ________ in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.

A) L-DOPA; competitive antagonist
B) Aripiprazole; partial agonist
C) Reserpine; monamine agonist
D) Aripiprazole; reuptake inhibitor
E) Amphetamine; reuptake inhibitor

Question 60

Another name for the major affective disorders is

A) mood disorders.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) addictive disorders.
D) schizoaffective disorders.
E) manic-depressive disorders.

Question 61

Fluoxetine (Prozac)is an effective treatment for ________ that works by ________.

A) schizophrenia; blocking dopamine receptors
B) depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; blocking serotonin reuptake
C) anxiety disorders; inhibition of MAO
D) delusions and hallucinations; blocking serotonin reuptake
E) obsessive-compulsive disorder; releasing glycine

Question 62

The monoamine hypothesis states that depression is caused by

A) overactivity of monoaminergic neurons.
B) insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons.
C) excessive activity of dopamine synapses.
D) loss of cells within the prefrontal cortex.
E) excessive activity of serotonin synapses.

Question 63

A serious problem for the use of lithium in treating mania is that

A) lithium can only be used for short periods of time.
B) the drug can produce a fatal overdose.
C) lithium may not work in up to 50 percent of patients.
D) lithium suppresses normal emotions.
E) lithium is the least effective of the current drugs used to treat mania.

Question 64

Which of the following has been implicated in depression?

A) activation of the orbitofrontal cortex
B) greater activity of the medial forebrain bundle system
C) reduced volume of the brain ventricles
D) enhanced activation of the subgenual prefrontal cortex
E) enhanced activation of the amygdala

Question 65

A group of depressed persons (with a family history of depression)on medication who are currently feeling well are recruited for an experiment.When these persons are fed a diet low in tryptophan on one day and a cocktail high in amino acids (other than tryptophan)on the following day,they

A) become more aggressive.
B) become manic.
C) show changes in cognition, but not affect.
D) relapse into depression.
E) become voracious eaters.

Question 66

Lithium salts are an effective treatment for ________ but not ________.

A) delusions; hallucinations
B) bipolar affective disorder; unipolar depression
C) anxiety disorder; delusions
D) unipolar depression; hallucinations
E) depression; mania

Question 67

A key function of monoamine oxidase is to

A) convert norepinephrine into epinephrine.
B) convert dopamine into norepinephrine.
C) provide the precursor for the catecholamines.
D) degrade catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms.
E) speed up the digestion of cheese within the gut.

Question 68

Which of the following best describes the changes in sleep that occur during depression?

A) Slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 are reduced and stage 1 sleep is increased.
B) Depressed people awaken more in the first half of the night.
C) All phases of slow-phase sleep are increased, while REM sleep is reduced.
D) REM occurs in higher proportion later in the night.
E) REM sleep is abolished.

Question 69

The monoamine hypothesis of depression is NOT supported by the observation that

A) monoamine antagonists produce depression.
B) CSF levels of 5-HIAA are low in suicidal patients.
C) monoamine agonists produce depression.
D) families of subjects with low 5-HIAA levels were more likely to include people with depression.
E) reserpine causes depression.

Question 70

The rationale for shocking the brains of mental patients to produce a seizure was that

A) psychiatric patients show abnormal electrical activity of the cortex.
B) painful shock made the patients more manageable.
C) the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients.
D) large doses of insulin had been shown to normalize brain activity.
E) such treatments curbed inappropriate behavior.

Question 71

The concordance rate for affective disorder for monozygotic twins

A) is identical to that of dizygotic twins.
B) is the same whether or not the twins were raised in the same household.
C) proves that affective disorder is mostly an effect of the environment.
D) is higher than that for dizygotic twins.
E) is less than that noted for close relatives suffering from affective disorder.

Question 72

A major difference between electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)and treatment using antidepressant drugs is that

A) antidepressant drugs act more rapidly to lift depression than does ECT.
B) antidepressant drugs are more likely to impair memory.
C) ECT has fewer dangerous side effects.
D) ECT lifts depression faster than do antidepressant drugs.
E) antidepressant drugs may work in depressed persons who do not respond to ECT.

Question 73

An effective therapy for treatment-resistant depression involves the use of

A) anticonvulsant drugs.
B) fluoxetine.
C) electrical stimulation of the vagus.
D) chlordiazepoxide.
E) electrical stimulation of the subgenual ACC.

Question 74

Which of the following provides the best evidence that there is a difference between bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression?

A) Chlorpromazine is only effective in treating unipolar depression.
B) There is a sex difference in the incidence of these disorders.
C) Lithium is effective in treating only bipolar disorder.
D) The age of onset differs between the two disorders.
E) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective for bipolar disorder but not unipolar depression.

Question 75

The tricyclic antidepressant drugs are monoamine agonists in that these drugs

A) block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the terminals.
B) stimulate the release of glycine within the limbic system.
C) speed up the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the terminals.
D) block NMDA receptors.
E) block the reuptake of dopamine into the terminals.

Question 76

Drugs that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAOi)

A) can be an effective treatment for mania.
B) decrease levels of serotonin within terminal buttons.
C) decrease levels of norepinephrine in terminal buttons.
D) can induce a fatal reaction in a person who eats cheese.
E) can result in permanent motor dysfunction.

Question 77

MRI studies indicate that bipolar depression is associated with abnormalities of the

A) caudate nucleus.
B) nucleus accumbens.
C) cerebral ventricles.
D) corpus callosum.
E) prefrontal cortex.

Question 78

The primary effect of many antidepressant medications may be to

A) stimulate orexin receptors.
B) suppress REM sleep.
C) activate GABA receptors.
D) reduce stages 3 and 4 of sleep.
E) increase sexual motivation, which results in loss of sleep and improved mood.

Question 79

Evidence from animal and human studies shows that most antidepressant drugs

A) suppress slow-wave sleep.
B) increase REM sleep.
C) increase slow-wave sleep.
D) suppress REM sleep.
E) produce an enhanced degree of fragmentation of REM sleep.

Question 80

An effective treatment for unipolar depression involves

A) lithium salts.
B) electroconvulsive shock therapy.
C) drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine.
D) sleep deprivation.
E) drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAOi)