Deck 16: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Question 1

The most common type of cerebral palsy is:

A) ataxic.
B) dyskinetic.
C) spastic.
D) mixed.

Answer 1

spastic.

Question 2

A child is brought to the emergency room. Initial examination documents the following clinical manifestations: tissue ischemia, anemia, and an apparent decrease in normal growth rate. Which of the following poisons would most likely be the cause?

A) Ethyl alcohol
B) Lead
C) Mercury
D) Carbon monoxide

Answer 2

Lead

Question 3

A child presents to his physician with disorientation, delirium, aggressiveness, and stupor. His parents report that he was recently ill with an upper respiratory infection, which they treated with aspirin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Epilepsy
B) Reye syndrome
C) Tay-Sachs
D) PKU

Answer 3

Reye syndrome

Question 4

During infancy, what is the fastest growing part of the body?

A) Spinal cord
B) Limb bones
C) Head
D) Vertebral column

Question 5

A newborn child is diagnosed with a vertebral arch defect and meningocele. This condition would most likely result in:

A) Arnold-Chiari II malformation.
B) spina bifida.
C) spinal angioma.
D) acrania.

Question 6

A 19-month-old boy developed a premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures. The most likely diagnosis is:

A) craniosynostosis.
B) craniosuture sclerosis.
C) microcephaly.
D) acrania.

Question 7

A baby is stillborn after 6 hours of labor. Autopsy reveals hydrocephalus caused by cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle and aqueductal compression. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Congenital hydrocephalus
B) Microcephaly
C) Dandy-Walker deformity
D) Macewen sign

Question 8

What nutrient deficiency causes neural tube defects in the early stages of pregnancy?

A) Protein
B) Iron
C) Vitamin D
D) Folic acid

Question 9

_____ defects of neural tube closure are most common.

A) Anterior
B) Posterior
C) Lateral
D) Superior

Question 10

A newborn child has a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the occipital area of the skull. This condition is known as:

A) encephalocele.
B) meningocele.
C) arachnoidocele.
D) anencephalocele.

Question 11

An example of an anterior midline defect of neural tube closure is:

A) anencephaly.
B) myelodysplasia.
C) cyclopia.
D) hydrocephaly.

Question 12

Parents of a 3-month-old infant bring him to the emergency room after he has had a seizure. He has muscle rigidity, and the parents report they are of Jewish ancestry. For what genetic disease should this infant be screened?

A) Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
B) Congenital encephalopathy
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) PKU

Question 13

A 10-month-old infant presents for a well-baby visit. Which of the following reflexes should be present at this age?

A) Stepping
B) Sucking
C) Landau
D) Palmar grasp

Question 14

Which of the following diseases is screened for in all newborns?

A) Epilepsy
B) Tay-Sachs disease
C) Pica
D) Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 15

The first reflex of infancy to disappear is:

A) stepping.
B) rooting.
C) palmar grasp.
D) Moro reflex.

Question 16

True microcephaly can be caused by:

A) viral infection.
B) an autosomal recessive gene.
C) fetal trauma.
D) hydrocephalus.

Question 17

To prevent Reye syndrome in infants, which of the following instructions should be given to parents?

A) Breast-feed infants as long as possible.
B) Treat fevers with acetaminophen, not aspirin.
C) Lock up hazardous cleaning agents.
D) Remove lead paint from the home.

Question 18

An infant is diagnosed with congenital hydrocephalus. Which of the following characteristics would you expect to see?

A) Enlarged ventricles
B) Decreased cerebrospinal fluid production
C) Increased resorption of cerebrospinal fluid
D) Smaller than average head circumference

Question 19

A newborn child has a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst through a defect in the posterior arch of a vertebra. This condition is referred to as:

A) spinalocele.
B) meningocele.
C) encephalocele.
D) myelomeningocele.

Question 20

A child is diagnosed with cerebral palsy, characterized by extreme difficulty in fine motor coordination and purposeful movement. Which of the following types of cerebral palsy is he experiencing?

A) Ataxic
B) Dyskinetic
C) Spastic
D) Mixed

Question 21

A 10-year-old male presents with visual disturbances. CT scan reveals a tumor that is located near the optic chiasm. Which of the following is the most likely tumor type?

A) Astrocytoma
B) Craniopharyngioma
C) Ependymoma
D) Medulloblastoma

Question 22

The most common site of HIV infection in children is:

A) the lungs.
B) the gastrointestinal tract.
C) the central nervous system.
D) the skin.

Question 23

A 3-year-old African-American child was diagnosed with sickle cell disease. She is now suffering from meningitis. The most likely cause of the meningitis is:

A) virus.
B) Hemophilus influenzae type B.
C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
D) Neisseria meningitides.

Question 24

The majority of children with AIDS were exposed to HIV:

A) during breast-feeding.
B) in the uterus.
C) as a result of blood transfusions.
D) at school.

Question 25

Viral meningitis:

A) is always sudden in onset.
B) often occurs with measles, mumps, or herpes.
C) is effectively treated with antibiotics.
D) rarely causes encephalopathy.

Question 26

The most common location of brain tumors in children is:

A) always above the cerebellum.
B) the posterior fossa.
C) in the cerebrum.
D) in the ventricular lining.

Question 27

Currently, the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years is:

A) Haemophilus influenzae.
B) Neisseria meningitidis.
C) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
D) Escherichia coli.

Question 28

The most common type of brain tumor in children is:

A) neuroblastoma.
B) astrocytoma.
C) meningioma.
D) glioma.