Deck 3: Structure of the Nervous System

Question 1

Early anatomists were able to examine the features of the brain using only their eyes.They named the observable features of the brain

A) for their similarity to everyday objects.
B) using a formal system of nomenclature.
C) for themselves.
D) in honor of the early gods.
E) for their start and finish points in brain.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others?

A) frontal
B) sagittal
C) horizontal
D) transverse
E) rostral

Answer 2

E
Explanation: The term rostral refers to a direction whereas the other terms refer to planes.

Question 3

The term neuraxis refers to

A) the frontal portions of the brain.
B) a plane that divides the two hemispheres into right and left halves.
C) an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the forebrain.
D) a plane that divides the brain into top and bottom halves.
E) the diameter of the spinal cord.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Caudal is to rostral as

A) contralateral is to antagonistic.
B) medial is to superior.
C) inferior is to lateral.
D) lateral is to anterior.
E) posterior is to anterior.

Question 5

The brain and spinal cord form the

A) enteric nervous system.
B) systemic nervous system.
C) peripheral nervous system.
D) somatic nervous system.
E) central nervous system.

Question 6

A ________ section is made through a human brain parallel to the ground.

A) transverse
B) horizontal
C) sagittal
D) frontal
E) parasagittal

Question 7

Which term means "above" when referring to the brain?

A) superior
B) lateral
C) medial
D) contralateral
E) inferior

Question 8

A ________ section made through a human brain divides the brain like a salami.

A) transverse
B) horizontal
C) sagittal
D) diagonal
E) cranial

Question 9

After her stroke,Ms.S.had difficulty in

A) paying attention to her right side.
B) moving her eyes.
C) speaking.
D) noticing objects on her left side.
E) walking.

Question 10

Another term for caudal is

A) inferior.
B) superior.
C) anterior.
D) lateral.
E) posterior.

Question 11

A(n)________ view of the brain would be most useful in visualizing the medial to lateral extent of a subcortical brain structure.

A) dorsal
B) frontal
C) sagittal
D) parasagittal
E) ventral

Question 12

The term "dorsum" means ________,while the term "ventrum" means ________.

A) back; belly
B) belly; back
C) front; rear
D) rear; front
E) top; down

Question 13

Which term below refers to structures that are found on the same side of the body?

A) horizontal
B) contramedial
C) ipsilateral
D) bilateral
E) contralateral

Question 14

A key function of the ______ is to provide physical protection for the brain.

A) glial network
B) skull
C) blood-brain barrier
D) pia mater
E) scalp .

Question 15

________ refers to structures that are found on opposite sides of the body.

A) Contralateral
B) Contramedial
C) Ipsilateral
D) Bilateral
E) Parasagittal

Question 16

A ________ section made perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis through a human brain divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.

A) transverse
B) horizontal
C) midsagittal
D) frontal
E) diagonal .

Question 17

Which structure is a part of the peripheral nervous system?

A) ventricles
B) brain
C) spinal cord
D) peripheral ganglia
E) cerebellum

Question 18

Electrical stimulation of the right motor cortex elicits limb movements on the left side of the body,and vice versa.Which term below best describes this organization of the motor cortex and the muscles of the body?

A) contralateral
B) horizontal
C) ipsilateral
D) antagonistic
E) parasagittal

Question 19

Another term for rostral is

A) inferior.
B) superior.
C) anterior.
D) lateral.
E) medial.

Question 20

A brain region that is anterior and dorsal to the thalamus could also be described as ________ and ________ to the thalamus

A) caudal; inferior
B) lateral; medial
C) ipsilateral; contralateral
D) rostral; superior
E) None of the above are correct.

Question 21

On the twenty-eighth day of embryonic development,the human brain most resembles

A) a hollow tube.
B) a shallow plate.
C) a series of ridges.
D) a series of increasingly larger rectangles.
E) the shape of a fried egg.

Question 22

A key function of apoptosis is

A) to form new neurons.
B) to guide new neurons to their final position in the brain.
C) to spur the growth of dendritic branches.
D) to terminate neuron development by causing progenitor cells to die.
E) to mold the final shape of an adult nerve cell.

Question 23

The middle layer of the brain meninges is the

A) dura mater.
B) pia mater.
C) dorsa mater.
D) arachnoid membrane.
E) midsagittal sinus.

Question 24

Newly formed neurons travel to their final locations in the brain along

A) the cerebral aqueduct.
B) ventricular zone cells.
C) growth cones.
D) radial glial cells.
E) oligodendrocytes.

Question 25

The total volume of CSF in the human brain is about ______ mls.

A) 25
B) 75
C) 125
D) 250
E) 400

Question 26

CSF is produced from the ________ of the brain.

A) choroid plexus
B) subarachnoid spaces
C) ventricles
D) meninges
E) cerebral aqueducts

Question 27

The ________ interconnects the third and fourth ventricles.

A) choroid plexus
B) subarachnoid space
C) corpus callosum
D) arachnoid granulations
E) cerebral aqueduct

Question 28

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood supply via the

A) subarachnoid space.
B) choroid plexus.
C) foramen of Magendie.
D) nodes of Ranvier.
E) cerebral aqueduct.

Question 29

Which of the following is a correct match between terms and meaning?

A) telencephalon; "end brain"
B) diencephalon; "marrowbrain"
C) mesencephalon; "afterbrain"
D) myelencephalon; "afterbrain"
E) metencephalon; "end brain"

Question 30

The ________ is a tough protective sheath that covers the brain and that lies closest to the skull.

A) dura mater
B) pia mater
C) dorsa mater
D) arachnoid membrane
E) midsagittal sinus

Question 31

The brain is cushioned by ________,which is contained within the ________.

A) intracellular fluid; pia mater
B) cerebrospinal fluid; subararachnoid space
C) blood; cerebral arteries
D) interstitial fluid; subararachnoid space
E) extracellular fluid; central core of the spinal cord

Question 32

In the peripheral nervous system,the ________ and the ________ fuse together to form a single sheath that protects the spinal and cranial nerves and the autonomic ganglia.

A) dura mater; pia mater
B) pia mater; arachnoid membrane
C) dorsa mater; pia mater
D) arachnoid membrane; periosteum
E) dura mater; Schwann cells

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding CSF?

A) CSF is produced by the choroid plexus.
B) CSF is reabsorbed into the blood supply.
C) CSF functions to cushion the brain against abrupt movements of the brain within the skull.
D) The total volume of brain CSF is about 400 ml.
E) Loss of CSF would result in compression of brain material onto the ventral skull surface.

Question 34

Which of the terms below means "afterbrain"?

A) telencephalon
B) diencephalon
C) mesencephalon
D) myelencephalon
E) metencephalon

Question 35

The term ________ means "interbrain."

A) telencephalon
B) diencephalon
C) mesencephalon
D) myelencephalon
E) metencephalon

Question 36

Cells of the choroid plexus that produce CSF lie within the

A) blood-brain barrier.
B) third ventricle.
C) cerebral aqueduct.
D) lateral ventricles.
E) 4?? ventricle.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of the adult human cerebral cortex?

A) "Limb" is a rough meaning of the term cortex.
B) The outer surface of cortex is smooth like a balloon.
C) The cortex is about 3 mm in thickness.
D) The size of human cortex, relative to body size, is smaller than that of any other species.
E) Human cortex is composed of 9 distinct cell layers.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A) CSF is produced within the venous sinuses.
B) CSF flows from the lateral ventricles toward the fourth ventricle.
C) CSF is produced in the fourth ventricle and flows toward the fifth ventricle.
D) CSF is a waste product generated by nerve cell activity.
E) CSF production is sped up during a seizure.

Question 39

The ________ are formed by four hollow and interconnected spaces within the brain.

A) choroid plexi
B) subarachnoid spaces
C) ventricles
D) meninges
E) aqueducts

Question 40

The cells that form the central nervous system originate from the _____ of the neural tube.

A) basal plate
B) ventricular zone
C) cerebral cortex
D) mesoderm layer
E) arachnoid layer

Question 41

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of damage positioned at the junction of visual,auditory,and somatosensory association cortex?

A) difficulty in playing a tune on a piano
B) problems in recognizing an object by sight
C) difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)
D) problems in reading or writing
E) an inability to recognize a familiar odor

Question 42

Recent studies indicate that neurogenesis in the ________ is suppressed by ________.

A) olfactory bulb; novel odors
B) hippocampus; stress
C) ventricular zone; antidepressant drugs
D) hippocampus; novel odors
E) olfactory bulb; stress

Question 43

The word "cortex" means

A) "almond."
B) "knee."
C) "smooth."
D) bark."
E) "grayish."

Question 44

The ______ separates the somatosensory cortex from the primary motor cortex.

A) lateral fissure
B) clacarine fissure
C) central sulcus
D) ventral sulcus
E) lateral gyrus

Question 45

A ________ is a large groove in the surface of the human cortex.

A) fissure
B) ventricle
C) cerebral aqueduct
D) gyrus
E) sulcus

Question 46

Which of the following would be expected as a result of damage to the visual association cortex?

A) problems in recognizing an object by sight
B) an inability to recognize a familiar odor.
C) difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)
D) problems in naming a song they knew before sustaining brain damage
E) difficulty in playing a tune on a piano

Question 47

For which sensory system is there a pathway from sense organ to a distinct region of the cortex?

A) vision, audition, and the somatosensory system
B) taste and hearing
C) vision and audition
D) pain and temperature
E) vision, pain, and taste

Question 48

The primary auditory cortex is located within the _____ cortical lobe.

A) occipital
B) frontal
C) temporal
D) insular
E) parietal

Question 49

Which of the following would be expected as a result of damage to the somatosensory association cortex?

A) problems in recognizing an object by sight
B) difficulty in playing a tune on a piano
C) difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)
D) problems in naming a song they knew before sustaining brain damage
E) an inability to recognize body odor

Question 50

________ refers to the recent production of neurons in an adult brain.

A) Apoptosis
B) Mutagenesis
C) Mitogenesis
D) Neurogenesis
E) Microgenesis

Question 51

The planning and execution of movements is a function performed by the association cortex in which cortical lobe?

A) occipital
B) frontal
C) temporal
D) insular
E) parietal

Question 52

A ________ is a bulge located between adjacent grooves in the surface of the human cortex.

A) ventricle
B) gyrus
C) cerebral aqueduct
D) fissure
E) sulcus

Question 53

The human cerebral cortex has a grayish-brown appearance because

A) the cortex contains many small blood vessels.
B) of the large number of dendrites contained in the cortex.
C) brain nerve membrane is uniformly gray in appearance.
D) many glial cells are located in the cortex.
E) the cortex contains many neuron cell bodies.

Question 54

Regions of the cortex that are NOT directly concerned with sensation or movement are termed the ________ cortex.

A) homuncular
B) association
C) nonspecific
D) projection
E) undifferentiated

Question 55

Destruction of primary visual cortex results in

A) stuttering.
B) total deafness.
C) memory disorder.
D) deficient tactile perception.
E) total blindness.

Question 56

Which cortical lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex?

A) occipital
B) frontal
C) temporal
D) insular
E) parietal

Question 57

Which of the following most accurately describes the general functions performed by the left and right hemispheres?

A) The left hemisphere is adept at the serial analysis of information.
B) The right hemisphere is adept at the serial analysis of information.
C) The right hemisphere is adept at the analysis of information.
D) The left hemisphere is adept in the synthesis of information.
E) The two hemispheres perform identical functions.

Question 58

Motor association cortex is located

A) caudal to the visual association cortex.
B) just rostral to the primary motor cortex.
C) just below the auditory association cortex.
D) caudal to the primary motor cortex.
E) caudal to the primary somatosensory cortex.

Question 59

Primary visual cortex is located within the ________ cortical lobe.

A) occipital
B) frontal
C) temporal
D) limbic
E) parietal

Question 60

A key factor for ending the period of asymmetrical division involves

A) activation of apoptosis genes.
B) capacity of the cell to form a synaptic contact.
C) capacity of the cell to respond to radial glial cells.
D) presence of a chemical signal from a postsynaptic cell.
E) activation of symmetrical division

Question 61

Which of the neural structures below can be seen in a midsagittal view of the human brain?

A) red nucleus
B) corpus callosum
C) lateral thalamic nuclei
D) hippocampus
E) central nucleus of the amygdala

Question 62

The neuroanatomy term "nucleus" refers to

A) the genetic material contained within the soma of a neuron.
B) the inner portion of an atom.
C) a collection of cell bodies found outside the central nervous system.
D) a collection of neurons of a similar shape.
E) a group of axons that interconnect the two hemispheres.

Question 63

The hypothalamus is involved in all of the following except

A) fleeing.
B) mating.
C) feeding.
D) fighting.
E) memory.

Question 64

An example of a serial analytic process would be

A) drawing a sketch of a 3D object.
B) reading a highway map.
C) using tinkertoys to build a space fortress.
D) tracing a shape in a mirror.
E) reading.

Question 65

The midbrain is comprised of the

A) dorsal horn and ventral horn.
B) tectum and tegmentum.
C) pons and medulla.
D) thalamus and hypothalamus.
E) superior colliculus and inferior colliculus.

Question 66

Which structures below comprise the metencephalon?

A) thalamus and hypothalamus
B) tectum and tegmentum
C) pons and cerebellum
D) dorsal horn and ventral horn
E) superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

Question 67

According to MacLean,all but the ________ are considered to be a part of the limbic system.

A) limbic cortex
B) hippocampus
C) caudate nucleus
D) amygdala
E) mammillary bodies

Question 68

Damage to the substantia nigra would be expected to produce

A) difficulties in emotional expression.
B) changes in food preferences and body weight gain.
C) blindness.
D) Parkinson's-like motor symptoms.
E) problems in speech perception.

Question 69

Damage to the hypothalamus would be expected to produce

A) blindness.
B) changes in eating.
C) difficulties in understanding speech.
D) Parkinson's-like motor symptoms.
E) problems in face recognition.

Question 70

The hippocampus is connected to the mammillary bodies via axons of the

A) corpus callosum.
B) cingulate callosum.
C) medial commissure.
D) stria terminalis.
E) fornix.

Question 71

The red nucleus and substantia nigra are located in the ________ and are involved in ________.

A) diencephalon; the motor system
B) tectum; sleep and arousal
C) tegmentum; the motor system
D) spinal cord; the autonomic nervous system
E) reticular formation; pain perception

Question 72

The ________ is considered to be the body's "master gland."

A) pineal body
B) amygdala
C) posterior hypothalamus
D) anterior pituitary
E) ventrolateral thalamus

Question 73

In mammals,the superior colliculi are involved in

A) visual reflexes.
B) emotions.
C) taste reactivity.
D) audition.
E) language comprehension.

Question 74

Which of the following is true of the periaqueductal gray (PAG)??

A) The PAG is located within the tectum.
B) Over 90 nuclei comprise the PAG..
C) The term "PAG" means "tiny ventricle."
D) The PAG is involved in the control of sleep and arousal.
E) Opiates bind to PAG receptors to diminish pain..

Question 75

Identify the correct pairing of a thalamic nucleus with its projection path to cortex.

A) medial geniculate; projects to primary visual cortex
B) ventrolateral nucleus; projects to primary visual cortex
C) lateral geniculate; projects to primary visual cortex
D) ventrolateral nucleus; projects to primary somatosensory cortex
E) lateral geniculate; projects to primary motor cortex

Question 76

Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in

A) speech perception.
B) emotional experience.
C) understanding social rules.
D) motor movements.
E) emotional memories.

Question 77

The ________ thalamic nuclei receive input from the ________ and project it to the primary motor cortex.

A) medial geniculate; caudate nuclei
B) ventrolateral; cerebellum
C) lateral geniculate; caudate nuclei
D) ventrolateromedial geniculate;
E) dorsolateral geniculate; cerebellum

Question 78

The association regions of the left and right hemispheres are interconnected via the axons of the

A) stria terminalis.
B) cingulate callosum.
C) corpus callosum.
D) medial commissure.
E) fornix.

Question 79

Damage to portions of the limbic cortex would be expected to alter

A) emotion.
B) job motivation.
C) long-term memory.
D) mating.
E) fighting.

Question 80

A key structure found within the basal ganglia is the

A) putamen.
B) globus pallidus.
C) caudate nucleus.
D) amygdala.
E) hypothalamus.