Deck 6: Vision

Question 1

The intensity of a light stimulus corresponds to

A) brightness.
B) saturation.
C) hue.
D) color.
E) threshold.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Variation in the ________ of a light will result in variation in the perception of ________.

A) wavelength; saturation
B) saturation; brightness
C) wavelength; brightness
D) intensity; purity
E) wavelength; hue

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A sensory receptor is a variant of a

A) neuron
B) axon terminal
C) stem cell
D) motor neuron
E) muscle fiber

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The physical stimulus for human vision is

A) infrared radiation with a wavelength between 760 and 790 nanometers.
B) all wavelengths of light.
C) ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 180-350 nanometers.
D) electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 and 760 nanometers.
E) electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 100 and 400 meters.

Question 5

The perceptual color attribute of ________ corresponds to that of light wavelength.

A) saturation
B) brightness
C) hue
D) intensity
E) contrast

Question 6

Which of the following is true of the process of sensory transduction?

A) Transduction refers to the speed at which a sensory message travels toward the brain.
B) An external energy induces changes in muscle fiber contractions.
C) The intensity of an external stimulus is related to the firing rate of the receptor.
D) Most receptors show an action potential when stimulated with an external stimulus.
E) Sensory cell receptor potentials directly control the release of neurotransmitters.

Question 7

An implication of the perceptual difficulties suffered by Mrs.R is that

A) consciousness is a general property of the brain.
B) impaired motor function is usually noted with impaired sensory function.
C) words are not perceived as objects.
D) the rostral portions of the brain are organized for sensory function.
E) the caudal portions of the brain are organized for motor function.

Question 8

Purity is to wavelength saturation as intensity is to

A) hue.
B) brightness.
C) fuzziness.
D) apparent hue.
E) )spatial frequency.

Question 9

Human can detect wavelengths of light between the ________ rays and the ________ rays.

A) X-; gamma
B) X-; ultraviolet
C) gamma; ultraviolet
D) ultraviolet; infrared
E) infrared; radar

Question 10

A normal human exposed to a light stimulus that contains an equal number of all wavelengths will report a perception of

A) purple.
B) a rainbow of colors.
C) black.
D) white.
E) a fuzzy set of alternating black and white bars.

Question 11

A tear in the muscles that connect the orbits with the sclera would be expected to

A) reduce the diameter of the pupil.
B) impair movements of an eye.
C) change the rate of eye blinking.
D) impair the ability of a person to blink to an air puff.
E) dilate the pupil.

Question 12

A human can detect wavelengths of light that are between ________ and ________ nm.

A) 100; 200
B) 100; 380
C) 200; 380
D) 380; 760
E) 760; 980

Question 13

A light stimulus that is composed of only one wavelength would be said to exhibit

A) reduced saturation.
B) decreased brightness.
C) hue.
D) purity.
E) reduced contrast.

Question 14

Hue is to wavelength as saturation is to

A) brightness.
B) intensity.
C) concentration.
D) purity.
E) threshold.

Question 15

The bony cavities of the skull that contain the eyes are the

A) orbits.
B) optic disks.
C) optic sinuses.
D) conjunctivae.
E) optic ossicles.

Question 16

Sensory receptors are specialized for the

A) detection of physical stimuli.
B) induction of movement of a limb.
C) detection of specific chemicals released from other neurons.
D) detection of internal-but not external-stimuli.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 17

The human eye is composed of a number of layers of tissue.The outermost layer is the

A) cornea.
B) sclera.
C) lens.
D) retina.
E) vitreous humor.

Question 18

After suffering brain damage ________,Mrs.R was unable to ________.

A) from a stroke; recognize common objects
B) from a bullet wound to the brain; speak fluent French.
C) to the right hemisphere; carry on a social conversation.
D) during a car accident; make movements with her right hand.
E) during a bar fight; work on a farm.

Question 19

The membrane that lines the eyelids and attaches to the eye around the cornea is called the

A) sclera.
B) vitreous humor.
C) conjunctiva.
D) cornea.
E) iris.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of the process of sensory transduction?

A) Receptors show action potentials to external stimuli.
B) The intensity of an external stimulus is related to the firing rate of the receptor.
C) Receptors convert an external energy into graded changes in receptor membrane potential.
D) Most receptors show an action potential when stimulated with an external stimulus.
E) Transduction refers to the speed at which a sensory message travels toward the brain.

Question 21

Collectively,the rods and cones are known as

A) photoreceptors.
B) optotectors.
C) the fovea.
D) ganglion cells.
E) vitreous humor.

Question 22

The human retina contains about ________ rods and about ________ cones.

A) 60 million; 3 million
B) 9 million; 120 million
C) 32 million; 320 million
D) 120 million; 6 million
E) 160 million; 3 million

Question 23

The optic disk is the location on the retina

A) where the cones are most densely packed.
B) where the rods are most densely packed.
C) that has the best visual acuity.
D) where axons leave the eye and join the optic nerve.
E) at which neural signals begin to diverge laterally.

Question 24

Visual information from the retina is carried by ________ to the ________.

A) short axon fibers; optic chiasm
B) ganglion cell axons; thalamic medial geniculate nucleus
C) axons from bipolar cells; thalamic medial geniculate nucleus
D) ganglion cell axons; thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
E) ganglion cell axons; striate cortex

Question 25

A key function of rod photoreceptors is to

A) detect colors.
B) detect fine details in the visual field.
C) detect light under low levels of illumination.
D) detect light under high levels of illumination.
E) detect the texture of the visual scene.

Question 26

When a photopigment is exposed to light,the pigment

A) turns a rosy pink.
B) is released from the axon terminal.
C) degrades into an opsin and a retinal.
D) joins an opsin with a retinal.
E) undergoes a change in electrical charge.

Question 27

The function of the lens is to

A) control the amount of light that enters the eye.
B) control eye movements as one tracks a moving object.
C) focus light onto the retina.
D) invert the visual image on the retina.
E) amplify the intensity of light that is passed through the vitreous humor.

Question 28

Rods are to cones as

A) color vision is to night vision.
B) acuity in the dark is to acuity in the day.
C) excellent acuity is to poor acuity.
D) fovea is to periphery.
E) brightness is to purity.

Question 29

The ________ cell is interposed in the pathway between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells.

A) multipolar
B) horizontal
C) bipolar
D) amacrine
E) unipolar

Question 30

The optic nerve is formed by axons that arise from the ________ retinal cells.

A) ganglion
B) photoreceptor
C) horizontal
D) amacrine
E) bipolar

Question 31

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the size of the

A) conjunctiva.
B) lens.
C) sclera.
D) pupil.
E) optic orbits.

Question 32

The reason for a "blind spot" in the visual field is that

A) rods are less sensitive to light than are cones.
B) blood vessels collect together and enter the eye at the blind spot.
C) the lens cannot focus all of the visual field onto the retina.
D) retinal cells die with age and overuse, resulting in blind spots.
E) there are no photoreceptors in the retina where the axons exit the eye.

Question 33

The function of the pupil is to

A) control the amount of light that enters the eye.
B) control eye movements as one tracks a moving object.
C) focus light onto the retina.
D) invert the visual image on the retina.
E) amplify the intensity of light that is passed through the vitreous humor.

Question 34

A disease that attacks the photoreceptors of the retinal periphery would be expected to

A) impair night vision.
B) disrupt color vision.
C) impair eye movements.
D) impair vision for fine detail.
E) diminish our ability to perceive depth.

Question 35

Photopigments are molecules that consist of

A) two peptides and a sugar molecule.
B) an opsin and a retinal.
C) a steroid ring.
D) two fatty acid chains.
E) a carbon ring and a phenyl ring.

Question 36

The process of accommodation involves

A) the hardening of the lens as one ages.
B) the contraction of the ciliary muscles to constrict the pupil.
C) the contraction of the ciliary muscles to dilate the pupil.
D) the lens becoming smaller as one ages.
E) changes in the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.

Question 37

A disease that attacks the photoreceptors of the fovea would be expected to

A) impair night vision.
B) disrupt color vision.
C) impair eye movements.
D) impair vision for detection of movement.
E) produce blurry images.

Question 38

A unique feature of the retinal circuitry is that

A) rods send signals through cones which then activate the ganglion cells.
B) light must pass through the circuitry in order to stimulate the photoreceptors.
C) the rods are packed together at the center of the retina.
D) there are more cones than rods in the retina.
E) photoreceptors do not influence the activity of surrounding nerve cells.

Question 39

Lateral interactions between adjacent photoreceptors,bipolar cells,and ganglion cells are carried out by the ________ cells.

A) amacrine
B) ventral
C) multipolar
D) unipolar
E) A and B are correct.

Question 40

Photopigments are located within the

A) lamellae membranes of the outer segments.
B) inner membrane of bipolar cells.
C) ganglion cells.
D) amacrine cells.
E) lamellae membranes of the inner segments.

Question 41

Another term for the primary visual cortex is

A) area 51.
B) the striate cortex.
C) the opercular cortex.
D) the calcarine cortex.
E) the chiasmic cortex.

Question 42

The manner in which visual information is carried from the retina to the cortex results in

A) information from the temporal ganglion cells projecting to the opposite hemisphere.
B) information from the nasal ganglion cells projecting to the ipsilateral hemisphere.
C) information from one side of the visual field being transmitted to the opposite hemisphere.
D) visual information remaining on the same side of the brain from retina to cortex.
E) information from each retina directly reaching both sides of the visual cortex.

Question 43

A microelectrode is inserted into a neuron within the primate visual system.Various stimuli are presented to the eyes and changes in firing rate are recorded from this visual system neuron.The part of the visual field to which a neuron responds is termed the

A) magnocellular visual system.
B) parvocellular visual system.
C) striate response field.
D) tuning curve.
E) receptive field.

Question 44

The parvocellular and magnocellular layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

A) may belong to different visual systems.
B) analyze the same kind of information from the visual field.
C) are connected to the nasal and temporal halves of the retina, respectively.
D) receive input from the contralateral and ipsilateral halves of the visual field, respectively.
E) analyze acuity and spatial frequency, respectively.

Question 45

A selective advantage conferred by color vision is the

A) ability to detect a dark spot moving on a white background.
B) capacity to sense depth in the visual scene.
C) ability to detect very faint lights in the distance.
D) capacity to detect texture gradients in the visual scene.
E) ability to distinguish ripe from unripe fruit.

Question 46

Which of the following is an explanation for the higher acuity of the visual system at the fovea,relative to the periphery of the retina?

A) A foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a peripheral ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors.
B) The fovea contains only rods which are directly connected to the ganglion cells.
C) The foveal photoreceptor cells contain more photopigment per cell.
D) Peripheral photoreceptors are more likely to be damaged by prolonged light exposure.
E) Peripheral photoreceptors require greater activation in order to provoke a visual response.

Question 47

Select the correct sequence for processing of information in the primary visual pathway.

A) retina - > dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) -> striate cortex
B) retina -> striate cortex -> extrastriate cortex -> inferior temporal cortex
C) retina -> DLG -> inferior temporal cortex -> amygdala
D) DLG -> retina -> striate cortex -> primary visual cortex
E) DLG-> frontal cortex -> amygdala -> extrastriate cortex

Question 48

Retinal ganglion cells of the "ON" type described by Kuffler

A) fire randomly to light and dark conditions.
B) record an excitatory burst of potentials to a light placed within a circular center.
C) show suppressed numbers of potentials to a light placed within a circular center.
D) show an increased number of potentials when a light was placed onto a ring surrounding the center.
E) show a change in response rate to movement.

Question 49

A complex cell located within the striate cortex would be most activated by a

A) line moving perpendicular to its orientation.
B) stationary line placed at the edge of the field.
C) dark, stationary circle.
D) black dot that moved erratically around the visual field.
E) set of fuzzy parallel lines of low spatial frequency.

Question 50

A person who suffers from protanopia would be said to

A) have poor visual acuity.
B) confuse yellow with blue.
C) lack "blue" cones.
D) have "red" cones filled with "green" photopigment.
E) perceive a blue sky as green in color.

Question 51

People with the form of color blindness known as deuteranopia

A) lack "red" cones.
B) have poor visual acuity.
C) have "red" cones filled with "green" photopigment.
D) have "green" cones filled with "red" photopigment.
E) have color pigments within their rods.

Question 52

In ________,a combination of yellow and blue ________ will form the color green.

A) color mixing; lights
B) pigment mixing; lights
C) the trichromatic theory; afterimages
D) pigment mixing; pigments
E) the opponent-process system; dyes

Question 53

The fact that we experience the color green after viewing a red object would be taken as support for the

A) notion that the retina contains three types of photopigments.
B) importance of color mixing in the visual system.
C) opponent-process theory of color vision.
D) idea that the visual system performs an algebraic summation of lights to generate a color perception.
E) trichromatic theory of color vision.

Question 54

The ________ pathways are important for the synchronization of locomotor activity to the light-dark cycle in rats.

A) retino-geniculate-cortical
B) retino-spinal
C) retino-pretectal
D) retino-hypothalamic
E) retino-cerebellar pathway

Question 55

Research by Hubel and colleagues indicate that neurons of the ________ show responses to ________ of the visual field.

A) lateral geniculate nucleus; moving bars of light in the center
B) retinal periphery; color stimuli
C) striate cortex; points of light and darkness
D) retina; points of light and darkness
E) striate cortex; specific features

Question 56

)Which of the following is true of striate cortex (ST)?

A) ST is comprised of four layers.
B) ST is located within the temporal lobe.
C) ST is comprised of six layers.
D) ST is comprised of axons but not cell bodies.
E) ST is devoted to analysis of auditory information.

Question 57

The primate retina contains

A) two photopigments.
B) three photopigments.
C) one type of cone and three types of rods.
D) only cones.
E) only rods.

Question 58

Which of the following is true of most color-sensitive ganglion cells?

A) The cells are not organized in a center-surround fashion until this information reaches the thalamus.
B) The ganglion cells respond to pairs of primary colors such as red-green or blue-yellow.
C) These ganglion cells receive information from certain rods in the periphery of the retina.
D) These cells also code for the relative brightness of colors.
E) Each is tuned to one of the 12 primary colors.

Question 59

Three distinct sets of layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus first receive input from the

A) bipolar cells.
B) horizontal cells.
C) ganglion cells.
D) photoreceptors.
E) amacrine cells.

Question 60

Which of the following is true of the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

A) Each layer of the LGN receives information from both eyes.
B) The LGN is comprised of six similar layers.
C) The inner four layers of the LGN are termed the parvocellular layers.
D) The outer four layers of the LGN are termed the magnocellular layers.
E) The cell bodies of the inner two layers of the LGN are larger than those of the outer four layers.

Question 61

Cells located within the cytochrome oxidase blobs of striate cortex play a key role in

A) color vision.
B) pattern discrimination.
C) line orientation.
D) analyzing retinal disparity.
E) producing depth perception.

Question 62

The perception of depth cue that is provided by input from both eyes is termed

A) atmospheric haze.
B) relative retinal size.
C) perspective.
D) stereopsis.
E) color vision.

Question 63

The modules of primary visual cortex project their information mostly to

A) the amygdala.
B) the frontal cortex.
C) the auditory association cortex.
D) the primary motor cortex.
E) the extrastriate cortex.

Question 64

Imagine that a scientist has discovered a nerve toxin that selectively destroys the columns of neurons that lie within the blob regions of striate cortex modules.Which of the following would you expect to be most profoundly impaired by this toxin?

A) movement sensitivity
B) orientation sensitivity
C) depth perception
D) color vision
E) texture perception

Question 65

In thinking of the pathways taken by visual information within the association cortex,the ventral stream projects to the ________ and is involved in ________.

A) parietal association cortex; the analysis of "where" an object is located in space
B) temporal association cortex; object color
C) primary motor cortex; object texture
D) parietal association cortex; the analysis of object identity
E) inferior temporal cortex; deciding on the "what" of an object

Question 66

The neurons of area ______ are important for the analysis of color.

A) TEO
B) V8
C) V7
D) MT+
E) V4

Question 67

Tasks that involve identification of an object would be expected to activate neurons of the ________,while tasks that identify the location of an object would activate the ________.

A) area V5; area V1
B) frontal cortex; parietal cortex
C) ventral stream; dorsal stream
D) parietal cortex; frontal cortex
E) dorsal stream; ventral stream

Question 68

Cerebral achromatopsia refers to

A) seeing the world as shades of one color.
B) a symptom of Balint's syndrome.
C) a loss of color vision.
D) seeing the world as shades of red and green.
E) a difficulty in scanning the visual scene.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of achromatopsia?

A) It is produced by damage to area V2 of medial frontal cortex.
B) The blindness is complete for object form as well as object color.
C) The condition impairs current color perception, but not color recall.
D) It is produced by damage to area V8 of the visual association cortex.
E) The condition improves depth perception.

Question 70

The central region of a module of the primary visual cortex that is revealed by a stain for the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase is termed a(n)

A) extra-blob region.
B) blob.
C) ganglion cell.
D) simple cell.
E) complex unit.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a function of the human magnocellular visual system?

A) movement perception
B) perception of large objects
C) brightness perception
D) color vision
E) perception of retinal disparity

Question 72

Retinal disparity is necessary for

A) depth perception.
B) stereopsis.
C) red-green color vision.
D) brightness sensitivity.
E) blue-yellow color vision.

Question 73

Information from the red and green ganglion cells is transmitted through the ________ layers of the LGN to the ________ of the striate cortex.

A) magnocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions
B) parvocellular; inter-blob regions
C) magnocellular; inter-blob regions
D) koniocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions
E) parvocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions

Question 74

Area V4 of primate extrastriate cortex is critical for the analysis of

A) color.
B) color constancy.
C) form.
D) object texture.
E) movement.

Question 75

The neurons from the parvocellular and magnocellular layers of the primate lateral geniculate send their information to layer(s)______ of the striate cortex.

A) 1
B) 2A
C) 3B
D) 4C
E) 5-6

Question 76

Area V6 of human extrastriate cortex is critical for the analysis of

A) color and the memory of color.
B) depth perception.
C) movement.
D) object texture.
E) form.

Question 77

Most neurons between the blob regions of a striate cortex module are sensitive to all of the following EXCEPT

A) retinal disparity.
B) orientation.
C) color.
D) spatial frequency.
E) movement.

Question 78

Imagine that you are looking at a bronze cast depicting the face of Mick Jagger and a second cast showing the face of Casper the Ghost.Which of the following statements would be true of the spatial frequencies represented in these casts?

A) Mick's face contains mostly low-frequency elements.
B) Mick's face contains many high-frequency elements.
C) Casper's face would be an example of an image made fuzzy because it lacks low-frequency information.
D) Casper's face contains much higher frequency information.
E) Mick's wrinkles represent low-frequency features.

Question 79

In thinking of the pathways taken by visual information within the association cortex,the dorsal stream projects to the ________ and is involved in ________.

A) temporal association cortex; object form
B) parietal association cortex; the analysis of where an object is located in space
C) primary motor cortex; object texture
D) parietal association cortex; the analysis of object identity
E) inferior temporal cortex; the analysis of where an object is located in space

Question 80

Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception?

A) perspective
B) relative retinal size
C) retinal disparity
D) relative apparent movement
E) loss of detail due to atmospheric haze