Deck 8: Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Question 1

Stages of sleep are easily distinguished by

A) changes in respiration.
B) the quality and quantity of dreams.
C) changes in the electrical activity of the brain.
D) changes in consciousness.
E) changes in motor movements.

Answer 1

C
Explanation: Stages of sleep are easily distinguished by changes in the electrical activity of the brain.

Question 2

The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular,high-frequency (13-30 Hz),low-amplitude waves.

A) beta
B) delta
C) theta
D) sleep spindle
E) alpha

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The ________ brain wave pattern has a characteristic frequency of ________.

A) sleep spindle; 1-3 Hz
B) theta; 12-14 Hz
C) alpha; 13-30 Hz
D) sleep spindle; less than 3.5 Hz
E) theta; 3.5-7.5 Hz

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following is true of the sleep cycle during a night of sleep?

A) Each non-REM/REM cycle lasts about 45 minutes.
B) Subjects first enter REM sleep and then transition to non-REM sleep.
C) As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.
D) Stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep mostly occur in the early morning hours.
E) Sleep cycles are random across the night.

Question 5

All of the following are characteristics of REM sleep EXCEPT

A) alternating delta and beta EEG activities.
B) loss of muscle tonus.
C) presence of beta wave EEG activity.
D) occasional twitching.
E) rapid eye movements.

Question 6

Beta brain wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because

A) this pattern is seen in children but not adults.
B) this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep.
C) this wave form waxes and wanes during the day.
D) it can be induced by certain drugs such as alcohol.
E) This wave form is recorded in coma victims.

Question 7

An electro-oculogram measures

A) heart rate over time.
B) eye movements.
C) changes in blood pressure.
D) electrical potentials within the brain.
E) the resistance of the skin to electrical current.

Question 8

Which of the following is a rhythm that tends to occur over a 90 minute period?

A) a single non-REM/REM sleep cycle
B) heart rate rhythm
C) stomach motility rhythm
D) smoking rhythm
E) menstrual cycle

Question 9

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are also called

A) REM sleep.
B) high-frequency sleep.
C) slow-wave sleep.
D) paradoxical sleep.
E) rhythmic sleep.

Question 10

The appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record is an indicator of

A) paradoxical sleep.
B) cold, methodical dreams.
C) muscle paralysis.
D) slow-wave sleep.
E) gastric distress.

Question 11

Which of the following is absent during REM sleep?

A) eye movements
B) dreaming
C) genital changes associated with arousal
D) EEG synchrony
E) muscle paralysis

Question 12

The major disorder suffered by Michael,the subject of the chapter prologue,was

A) a nighttime eating disorder.
B) an anxiety disorder.
C) narcolepsy.
D) a slow-wave sleep behavior disorder.
E) insomnia.

Question 13

Which of the following is true of sleep?

A) Strong movements accompany each sleep stage.
B) Sleep is preceded by a feeling of dizziness.
C) Humans spend about a third of their lives asleep.
D) Sleep is a state of unconsciousness.
E) The function of sleep is to suppress memory consolidation.

Question 14

A person whose brain waves contain high-amplitude delta waves is most likely

A) in either stage 3 or 4 of slow-wave sleep.
B) in stage 1 of slow-wave sleep.
C) dreaming.
D) in stage 2 of slow-wave sleep.
E) awake.

Question 15

Sleep stages 1-4 are termed ________,whereas stages 3-4 are referred to as ________.

A) REM sleep; non-REM sleep
B) non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep
C) slow-wave sleep; non-REM sleep
D) paradoxical sleep; REM sleep
E) arrhythmic sleep; paradoxical sleep

Question 16

The key symptom of narcolepsy is

A) dreaming in color.
B) an attack of sleep during the day.
C) anxiety and fear during the waking period.
D) rapid movements of the eyes.
E) the inability to fall asleep.

Question 17

Which of the following is a reason why stage 4 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage?

A) A person in this stage is easily roused by meaningful stimuli.
B) A person who awakes from stage 1 is groggy and confused.
C) A person who awakes from this stage is alert and attentive.
D) Only very loud stimuli will awaken a person from stage 4 sleep.
E) Napping in stage 4 reduces the amount of sleep required per night.

Question 18

The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record.

A) alpha
B) delta
C) gamma
D) theta
E) beta

Question 19

A single cycle of non-REM/REM sleep lasts about

A) 10 minutes.
B) 30-40 minutes.
C) 90 minutes.
D) 360 minutes.
E) 8 hours.

Question 20

The only movements that are characteristic of sleep involve

A) the tongue.
B) rapid movements of the eyes.
C) restlessness of the legs.
D) slow movements of the neck.
E) the fingers and arms.

Question 21

A person who exhibits sudden paralysis while remaining conscious may be suffering from

A) REM without atonia.
B) somnambulism.
C) a sleep attack.
D) situational insomnia.
E) an episode of cataplexy.

Question 22

The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep.

A) night terror
B) insomnia
C) enuresis
D) cataplexy
E) apnea

Question 23

A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in

A) intrusion of slow-wave sleep during the awake period.
B) symptoms of narcolepsy.
C) prolonged sleeping.
D) hypnagogic hallucinations.
E) excessive overeating.

Question 24

Narcolepsy is a considered to be a neurological disorder in that

A) narcoleptics are prone to develop mania.
B) narcoleptics show no problems in staying asleep.
C) narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state.
D) slow-wave sleep intrudes into the awake state in narcoleptics.
E) narcoleptics show problems in eye tracking.

Question 25

An example of ________ is a person who dreams while lying awake,but is temporarily paralyzed.

A) somnambulism
B) hypnagogic hallucinations
C) cataplexy
D) night terrors
E) a daydream

Question 26

Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy)are effectively treated by drugs that

A) block serotonin receptors.
B) impair the release of hypocretins in the brain.
C) act as catecholamine antagonists.
D) are commonly used to treat depression.
E) promote GABA activity.

Question 27

________ is a sleep disorder that involves a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood during sleep.

A) Situational insomnia
B) Sleep apnea
C) REM disorder
D) Narcolepsy
E) Cataplexy

Question 28

Which of the following is true of human narcolepsy?

A) Narcolepsy is a non-genetic disorder.
B) An autoimmune disease damages ghrelin neurons resulting in narcolepsy.
C) Narcolepsy involves the intrusion of REM sleep components into the awake state.
D) Narcolepsy is a stress disorder.
E) Narcolepsy is a disorder of childhood,

Question 29

Insomnia is defined

A) as a problem in rapidly reaching REM sleep.
B) as the inability to fall asleep within one hour of going to bed.
C) as awakening 4 or more times during the night.
D) in relation to a person's particular need for sleep.
E) as a relative lack of slow-wave sleep compared to REM sleep.

Question 30

Changes in blood flow to the genitals are noted during ________ and can be used clinically for the diagnosis of ________.

A) slow-wave sleep; cardiac failure
B) the day hours; hypertension
C) REM sleep; impotence
D) non-REM sleep; narcolepsy
E) the day hours; cocaine abuse

Question 31

The primary symptom of narcolepsy is

A) recurring nightmares.
B) abnormal slow-wave sleep.
C) dreaming while awake.
D) sleeping at inappropriate times.
E) sleep paralysis.

Question 32

A common treatment for sleep apnea is

A) surgical modification of the airways.
B) sleeping medication.
C) sleep deprivation.
D) antidepressant medication.
E) a drug that activates brain norepinephrine synapses.

Question 33

A serious issue associated with sleeping medications is that

A) the use of sleeping pills can lead to a fatal form of insomnia.
B) people use these pills to get high.
C) their short duration of action does not ensure a full night of sleep.
D) these pills are in short supply, leaving some people without adequate insomnia treatment.
E) the use of sleeping pills can lead to daytime grogginess.

Question 34

Narcolepsy in dogs is

A) produced by a mutation of the hypocretin gene.
B) due to a flaw in the lateral hypothalamus.
C) a mutation of the leptin gene.
D) an environmental disorder.
E) associated with overeating to obesity.

Question 35

Sleep attacks are effectively treated by drugs that

A) facilitate serotonin.
B) damage hypocretin neurons in the brain.
C) act as catecholamine agonists.
D) facilitate GABA activity.
E) block hypocretin2 receptors.

Question 36

________ is(are)considered to be an abnormality of REM sleep.

A) Sleep apnea
B) Somnabulism
C) Cataplexy
D) Night terrors
E) Insomnia

Question 37

About ________ of the population experience insomnia as a persistent problem while ________ experience insomnia on an occasion.

A) 1 percent; 3 percent
B) 15 percent; 52 percent
C) 27 percent; 45 percent
D) 7 percent; 19 percent
E) 9 percent; 25 percent

Question 38

In the text example of narcolepsy,the Doberman dog showed cataplexy while

A) playing with each other.
B) eating.
C) drinking.
D) engaging in reproductive behavior.
E) running along the beach.

Question 39

Narcolepsy is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) awaking refreshed from a sleep attack.
B) sleep attacks.
C) sleepwalking.
D) hypnagogic hallucinations.
E) sleep paralysis.

Question 40

Cataplexy may be brought on by

A) strong emotions or physical exertion.
B) overuse of caffeine.
C) high blood levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
D) damage to neurons that initiate REM sleep.
E) staying awake for long periods of time.

Question 41

Which of the following findings supports the brain development theory of REM sleep?

A) REM sleep increases in college students during exam time.
B) Active phases of brain development are associated with low levels of REM sleep.
C) Newborn infants spend 70 percent of their sleep time in slow-wave sleep.
D) The elderly spend 85 percent of their sleep time in REM sleep.
E) Infant animals born with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than do infant animals born with poorly developed brains.

Question 42

Prolonged sleep deprivation results in

A) impaired mental concentration.
B) difficulty in physical exercise..
C) some perceptual illusions.
D) tactile hallucinations.
E) improved mental concentration.

Question 43

The rebound phenomenon noted after deprivation of REM sleep suggests that

A) there is a physiological need for stage 1 slow-wave sleep.
B) the function of REM sleep is to rest the brain.
C) emotional wellbeing requires slow-wave sleep.
D) there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep.
E) dreaming is not a function of REM sleep.

Question 44

REM sleep behavior disorder is to cataplexy as

A) dreaming is to logic.
B) movement is to paralysis.
C) logic is to dreaming.
D) paralysis is to movement.
E) sleep is to awake. .

Question 45

The mallard duck is unique in that

A) it does not sleep.
B) they can sleep with one hemisphere awake and the other asleep.
C) eye movements do not occur during their sleep.
D) slow-wave sleep is absent from their sleep pattern.
E) these ducks sleep with both eyes wide open.

Question 46

A primary effect of sleep deprivation in humans is

A) psychosis.
B) overeating and weight gain.
C) perceptual distortions.
D) secretion of stress hormones.
E) depression.

Question 47

The phrase "pavor nocturnus" is synonymous with

A) cataplexy.
B) dreaming while awake.
C) sleepwalking.
D) sleep attack.
E) night terrors.

Question 48

Healthy subjects who spent six weeks resting in bed exhibited

A) no change in REM or slow-wave sleep patterns.
B) REM sleep patterns similar to those of depressed subjects.
C) decreased slow-wave sleep.
D) a significant reduction in total sleep time.
E) signs of REM-sleep behavior disorder.

Question 49

Night terrors are most likely to occur during

A) REM sleep.
B) high-frequency sleep.
C) stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.
D) paradoxical sleep.
E) stage 1 of slow-wave sleep.

Question 50

The high level of delta waves in normally active brain areas suggests that the primary function of stage 4 of slow-wave sleep is to

A) inhibit motor movements during dreaming.
B) facilitate memory.
C) promote beta-wave activity in the forebrain.
D) rest the brain.
E) redirect blood flow to the genitals.

Question 51

A treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder involves

A) antidepressant medications.
B) stimulant drugs.
C) antipsychotic medications.
D) clonazepam.
E) drugs that block hypocretin receptors.

Question 52

A full day of physical exercise would be expected to

A) produce insomnia.
B) reduce the amplitude of delta activity in the frontal lobes.
C) increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.
D) increase the need for REM sleep.
E) increase the amount of time spent dreaming.

Question 53

________ is a sleep disorder that is the opposite of REM-sleep behavior disorder.

A) Cataplexy
B) Situational insomnia
C) Somnambulism
D) Nocturnal enuresis
E) Sleepwalking

Question 54

The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to

A) clear brain waste products produced by REM sleep.
B) promote dreaming.
C) facilitate learning.
D) promote brain development.
E) permit the brain to rest.

Question 55

Sleep disorders that occur during or involve REM sleep include

A) sleepwalking.
B) night terrors.
C) sleep-related eating disorder.
D) bedwetting.
E) narcolepsy.

Question 56

)Which of the following is true of sleep-related eating disorder?

A) The condition is common.
B) The condition can lead to weight loss.
C) The condition may be associated with the use of sleeping pills such as Zolpidem.
D) The disorder is treated using lithium.
E) The condition is caused by stress.

Question 57

Which statement about sleep is false?

A) REM sleep patterns are similar in all species.
B) Sleep is a useful behavior.
C) Everyone dreams.
D) All vertebrates show sleep.
E) Mammals and birds show signs of REM sleep.

Question 58

Which of the following is not a disorder of slow-wave sleep?

A) somnambulism
B) night terrors
C) nocturnal enuresis
D) cataplexy
E) bedwetting

Question 59

The primary symptom of REM-sleep behavior disorder is(are)

A) attacks of cataplexy.
B) a depressed mood upon awakening.
C) motor movements during slow-wave sleep.
D) the ability of a person to move during REM sleep.
E) loss of dreams during REM sleep.

Question 60

Somnambulism is synonymous with

A) sleep attack.
B) dreaming while awake.
C) sleepwalking.
D) cataplexy.
E) night terrors.

Question 61

________ is(are)a component of REM sleep.

A) Decreased blood flow to the genitals
B) Muscle spasms
C) Low cerebral metabolism
D) Desynchronized EEG activity
E) Cold, unemotional dreams

Question 62

________ is(are)the result of degeneration of hypocretin neurons in the brain.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Insomnia
C) Sleep attacks
D) Night terrors
E) Iatrogenic insomnia

Question 63

The notion that sleep or wakefulness is regulated by a substance that circulates within the blood is

A) proven by the observation that naps reduce sleep time the following night.
B) unlikely, given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times.
C) REM and slow-wave sleep appear to involve independent mechanisms.
D) proven by studies of the dolphin sleep cycle.
E)proven by studies in which blood transfusion from a tired person to a rested person results in sleep in the recipient.

Question 64

According to Saper,mutual inhibition of the vlPOA by cells of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei may result in

A) shifts of attention.
B) alternating motor search behaviors in a maze.
C) the transitions between eating and drinking in the rat.
D) stereotypic behavior.
E) the alternation between sleep and waking states.

Question 65

Signs of cortical arousal in the EEG are induced by

A) adenosine.
B) GABA agonists.
C) serotonergic drugs.
D) acetylcholine agonists.
E) dopamine agonists.

Question 66

Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n)

A) adenosine antagonist.
B) adenosine agonist.
C) GABA antagonist.
D) GABA agonist.
E) norepinephrine antagonist.

Question 67

Activation of ________ cells within the ________ produces arousal and reduced sleep.

A) noradrenergic; locus coeruleus
B) dopaminergic; preoptic area
C) cholinergic; raphe
D) serotonergic; SCN
E) GABAergic; striatum

Question 68

Hypocretin neurons are active during ________ but inactive during ________.

A) reinforcement; punishment
B) normal waking; sleep
C) sexual behavior; feeding
D) eating; drinking
E) slow-wave sleep; REM sleep

Question 69

Signs of cortical arousal in the EEG are reduced by

A) dopamine agonists.
B) GABA agonists.
C) serotonergic drugs.
D) acetylcholine antagonists.
E) adenosine.

Question 70

Infusion of the transmitter substance ______ induces wakefulness.

A) histamine
B) glycine
C) Gaba
D) reserpine
E) nitrous oxinde

Question 71

The firing rates of cells within the locus coeruleus

A) are highest during REM sleep.
B) decrease during sleep and increase at awakening.
C) are unrelated to behavioral arousal.
D) are suppressed by sleeping medications.
E) alter EEG cortical arousal.

Question 72

The metabolism of glycogen increases the brain levels of ________,which in turn promotes ________.

A) GABA; slow-wave sleep
B) GABA; REM sleep
C) adenosine; slow-wave sleep
D) a benzodiazepine ligand; slow-wave sleep
E) adenosine; wakefulness

Question 73

Microdialysis studies indicate that cortical beta wave activity is related to its levels of ________ within the ________.

A) serotonin; striatum
B) GABA; hippocampus
C) acetylcholine; frontal cortex
D) dopamine; locus coeruleus
E) GABA; locus coeruleus

Question 74

Activation of adenosine receptors may increase sleep by

A) excitation of hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.
B) inhibition of the ventrolateral preoptic area.
C) inhibition of neurons that normally inhibit the vlPOA.
D) activation of histamine neurons.
E) inactivation of serotonin neurons.

Question 75

Which of the following are true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?

A) Damage to the vlPOA produces sleepiness.
B) Excitotoxic lesions of the vlPOA in cats increased sleep.
C) vlPOA neurons have a low firing rate during sleep.
D) Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces signs of drowsiness.
E) vlPOA neurons secrete glutamate to excite regions that control arousal.

Question 76

Drugs that deplete brain levels of histamine ______.

A) inhibit slow wave sleep.
B) decrease waking.
C) induce symptoms of narcolepsy.
D) suppress REM sleep.
E) enhance rapid eye movements.

Question 77

The cell bodies of most serotonin neurons are located within the

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) reticular formation.
C) raphe nuclei.
D) striatum.
E) locus coeruleus.

Question 78

Which of the following findings support the memory consolidation theory of REM sleep?

A) Deprivation of REM sleep results in poor learning in rats.
B) Active phases of brain development are associated with low levels of REM sleep.
C) Slow-wave sleep deprivation results in poor learning in rats.
D) Training in a complex maze reduces time spent in REM sleep.
E) REM sleep time is increased in retarded children relative to normal children.

Question 79

Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to

A) produce persistent REM sleep.
B) alter male reproductive behavior.
C) produce insomnia.
D) impair the control of temperature regulation.
E) reproduce the symptoms of narcolepsy.

Question 80

Administration of a(n)________ would be expected to promote sleep.

A) adenosine antagonist
B) adenosine agonist
C) hypocretin agonist
D) serotonin antagonist
E) norepinephrine agonist