Deck 17: Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Question 1

Which of the following is an important consideration regarding water in infancy?

A) Breast-fed infants in hot, dry climates need supplemental water.
B) Bottle-fed infants in hot, dry climates need supplemental water.
C) Much of the infant's body water content is located extracellularly.
D) Conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting may be successfully treated with lower doses of adult medications.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the primary protein in human breast milk?

A) casein
B) lactose
C) albumin
D) alpha-lactalbumin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birth weight of 4 kilograms

A) 5.5 kg
B) 7 kg
C) 11.5 kg
D) 16 kg

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants?

A) Breast milk contains less fat.
B) Breast milk is digested faster.
C) Breast milk is less nutrient dense.
D) The amount of milk consumed per feeding is lower in breast-fed infants.

Question 5

How many kcalories does a newborn baby require in a day?

A) 450
B) 600
C) 750
D) 900

Question 6

Which of these is the approximate energy requirement of infants, in kcalories per kilogram body weight?

A) 25 kcal/kg
B) 35 kcal/kg
C) 75 kcal/kg
D) 100 kcal/kg

Question 7

Katy is a healthy, 6 month-old infant. Her mother has fed Katy only breast milk during Katy's life. Which one of the following nutrients is Katy likely missing from her diet?

A) sodium
B) vitamin D
C) iron and folate
D) zinc and vitamin A

Question 8

What organ in the infant uses more than half of the day's total energy intake?

A) liver
B) brain
C) kidney
D) skeletal muscle

Question 9

Approximately how much does an infant's length increase during the first year of life?

A) 15 cm
B) 25 cm
C) 40 cm
D) 55 cm

Question 10

Nutrient characteristics of human breast milk include which one of the following?

A) The fluoride content is low.
B) The potassium is highly bioavailable.
C) The iron is highly bioavailable.
D) The vitamin D content meets optimal growth requirements.

Question 11

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Paediatric Society, breast-feeding of full-term infants is which of the following?

A) optional
B) mildly recommended
C) moderately recommended
D) strongly recommended

Question 12

For optimal breastfeeding benefits, it is recommended that the infant be encouraged to suckle on each breast for about which of the following durations?

A) 1-2 minutes
B) 5 minutes
C) 10-15 minutes
D) 30 minutes

Question 13

Which of the following is a fact concerning the nutritional composition of breast milk?

A) There is casein in breast milk.
B) The carbohydrate is lactose, which enhances calcium absorption.
C) The concentration of protein is slightly higher than for cow's milk.
D) The proportion of energy contributed by vitamins is much higher than that recommended for adults.

Question 14

Which one of the following shows the relationship between nutrition and metabolism in infancy?

A) The infant's brain uses about 40 percent of the daily energy intake.
B) The fat in breast milk provides most of the energy to support rapid growth.
C) The infant's brain is smaller relative to the size of the body and therefore uses less energy.
D) The protein content in breast milk can be high enough to occasionally induce protein overload.

Question 15

What is the relative weight of an infant brain compared to an adult's brain?

A) half as much
B) about the same
C) 3 times as much
D) 6 times as much

Question 16

What is the typical weight gain, in kilograms, of an infant between the first and second year of life?

A) 2.3
B) 4.5
C) 15
D) 20

Question 17

Why is the intake of fatty acids so important for preterm infants who are fed formulas?

A) Formulas enriched with oleic acid led to reduced atherogenic plaque by age 5 years compared with standard formulas.
B) Formulas enriched with omega-3 fatty acids led to increased brain cell number compared with standard formulas.
C) Formulas enriched with docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid resulted in improved visual acuity compared with standard formulas.
D) Formulas enriched with equal amounts of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids led to a lower prevalence of obesity after2 years compared with standard formulas.

Question 18

Health Canada recommends that which of the following nutrients should be added to the diet of an infant who is exclusively breast fed?

A) vitamin C
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin D

Question 19

Infants showing symptoms of acidosis, dehydration, diarrhea, elevated blood ammonia and urea, and fever may be reacting to which of the following nutritional problems?

A) protein overload
B) milk-protein intolerance
C) carbohydrate intolerance
D) insufficient protein and energy

Question 20

The recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals for infants are based on which of the following amounts?

A) average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants
B) adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kilogram body weight basis
C) older child's RDA scaled down to the infant on a per kilogram body weight basis
D) average amounts ingested by thriving infants breast-fed by well-nourished mothers

Question 21

Which of the following is colostrum?

A) a clot in the bloodstream
B) a major protein in breast milk
C) a hormone that promotes milk production
D) a milk-like substance secreted right after delivery

Question 22

Which of the following is an advantage of breast-feeding compared with formula feeding?

A) There is no limit to the supply.
B) It provides immunological protection.
C) The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk.
D) It is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby.

Question 23

What type of formula is available for infants with milk allergy?

A) egg
B) soy
C) meat
D) peanut

Question 24

Which of the following allergic reactions is less likely to occur in a breast-fed infant?

A) wheezing
B) diarrhea
C) itchy skin
D) stomach upset

Question 25

Which two of the following ingredients are used in the manufacturing of infant soy formulas?

A) cornstarch and maltose
B) cornstarch and sucrose
C) cornstarch and glucose
D) cornstarch and galactose

Question 26

Which of the following proteins is lactadherin?

A) an iron-binding protein in breast milk
B) a vitamin D-binding protein in breast milk
C) a breast milk protein that inactivates a GI virus that causes diarrhea
D) a protein supplement to infant formulas that simulates the digestibility properties of alpha-lactalbumin

Question 27

Compared with cow's milk, breast milk contains which of the following quantities?

A) less protein and calcium
B) less lactose and vitamin C
C) more fat and less carbohydrate
D) more energy and less vitamin E

Question 28

Which of the following vitamin-mineral supplements should be prescribed for an infant who is breast-fed up to 6 months of age?

A) vitamin B₁₂
B) fluoride
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin E

Question 29

Which of the following problems is associated with bifidus factors?

A) increased iron absorption
B) increased bacterial growth
C) decreased allergy protection
D) decreased hormone production

Question 30

Which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants?

A) maternal passage of lead to fetus
B) baby bottles made from lead crystal
C) contaminated water used to make infant formula
D) preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers

Question 31

You are presenting a talk on the benefits of breast-feeding to a group of new mothers in Zimbabwe. There have been numerous cases of infant diarrhea within this population over the past several years. Why is breast-feeding especially important under these circumstances?

A) The emotional bonding enhances the overall health of the infant.
B) The lactoferrin protein present in breast milk stimulates T-cell immunity.
C) The lactadherin protein present in breast milk attacks diarrhea-causing viruses.
D) Breast milk as a source of nutrition limits the feeding of other foods which may be contaminated.

Question 32

What component of breast milk binds iron and prevents it from supporting the growth of the infant's intestinal bacteria?

A) colostrum
B) lactoferrin
C) hemoferritin
D) bifidus factor

Question 33

When compared with formula-fed infants, which of the following conditions is less prevalent in breast-fed infants?

A) lower cancer rates as adults
B) lower diabetes rates as adults
C) lower kidney disease rates as adults
D) lower blood cholesterol levels as adults

Question 34

Which one of the following is a feature of breast milk banks?

A) The milk is unpasteurized.
B) The milk consists of a pool from several lactating mothers.
C) There is no need for a doctor's prescription to receive the breast milk.
D) They accept milk from mothers who smoke cigarettes but not marijuana.

Question 35

To gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant's diet is called which of the following terms?

A) feed
B) wean
C) nurse
D) breast-feed

Question 36

Which of the following formulas is available for infants with lactose intolerance?

A) egg
B) soy
C) barley
D) powdered cow's milk

Question 37

Which of the following is an advantage of breast milk when compared to infant formula?

A) It contains antibodies.
B) It contains more fluoride.
C) It typically contains over twice the amount of iron.
D) It contains less fat and more carbohydrate.

Question 38

Which of the following supplements should be prescribed for an infant who is formula fed from 6 months up until 1 year of life?

A) It is generally easier to overfeed a breast-fed infant than a formula-fed infant.
B) Breast-fed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections.
C) Breast-fed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life.
D) For optimal development, infants should be transitioned to formula after 1 year of breast-feeding.

Question 39

Which of the following is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure from the tap water used to prepare infant formula?

A) Because the lead in hot water pipes settles out overnight, draw the water from this source first.
B) Whenever possible, boil the water to vaporize the lead and thus decrease the amount remaining in the water.
C) Because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water run a few minutes before using it.
D) To inhibit lead absorption, add a small amount of citrus juice to the water to provide citric acid to complex with the lead.

Question 40

Goat's milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of which of these nutrients?

A) iron
B) folate
C) protein
D) calcium

Question 41

Of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding?

A) oat
B) rice
C) corn
D) wheat

Question 42

Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay?

A) caries development resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples
B) bacterial attack of teeth due to severe tooth misalignment from sucking on oversized bottle nipples
C) marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle
D) tooth decay resulting from constant exposure to food due to inability of the infant to swallow normally

Question 43

Roberta's first child is now 9 months old. Roberta has been breast-feeding and using pureed meats and vegetables, but would like to begin to introduce other solid foods. Which of the following would be the best choice for the first food to introduce to the baby?

A) yogurt
B) unsweetened applesauce
C) fish
D) cheese

Question 44

Infants should NOT be given canned vegetables due to excessive amounts of which of the following?

A) iron
B) fibre
C) sodium
D) aluminum

Question 45

During the first year of life, cow's milk is considered an inappropriate food due to which of the following reasons?

A) Cow's milk is too high in iron.
B) Cow's milk is too low in sodium.
C) Cow's milk is too high in protein.
D) Cow's milk is too low in vitamin A.

Question 46

An infant diagnosed with "goat's milk anemia" is most likely deficient in which of these nutrients?

A) iron
B) folate
C) vitamin B₆
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 47

Which of the following should be avoided when feeding an infant?

A) whole milk
B) ready-to-feed formula
C) liquid concentrate formula appropriately diluted
D) powdered formula or evaporated milk formula appropriately reconstituted

Question 48

Which of the following sources of nutrition for infants is least likely to become contaminated with microorganisms?

A) soy formula
B) breast milk
C) iron-fortified formula
D) liquid concentrate formula

Question 49

Approximately what percentage of infants are born prematurely in Canada?

A) 4 percent
B) 12 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 33 percent

Question 50

Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for which of the following abnormalities?

A) obesity
B) botulism
C) osteopenia
D) type 1 diabetes

Question 51

Which of the following feeding practices is recommended for preterm infants?

A) They should be fed exclusively on breast milk.
B) They should be fed on breast milk enriched in a 1-to-1 ratio with cow's milk.
C) They should be fed preterm breast milk, occasionally fortified with specific nutrients.
D) They should be fed only on special formulas because the nutrient content of breast milk is too low.

Question 52

Which of these terms defines the condition of infant tooth deterioration resulting from chronic exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle?

A) juice bottle erosion
B) suckling enamelosis
C) formula-induced gingivitis
D) nursing bottle tooth decay

Question 53

Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time?

A) It prevents overfeeding.
B) Any allergic reactions can be detected.
C) Immunological protection has not been developed.
D) The swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control.

Question 54

Which of the following is beikost?

A) an oral rehydration solution
B) a term that describes a type of malnutrition in infants
C) a term that describes any non-milk food offered to an infant
D) a fermented milk product used as a substitute for breast milk

Question 55

Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby's diet?

A) vitamin C and iron
B) vitamin A and zinc
C) vitamin B₁₂ and fluoride
D) vitamin E and magnesium

Question 56

Which of the following should be the first cereal introduced to the infant?

A) oat
B) corn
C) rice
D) wheat

Question 57

Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants?

A) 2 weeks
B) 2 months
C) 6 months
D) 1 year

Question 58

Which of these is the principal reason that information about fat on food labels of infant foods is intentionally omitted?

A) It is to prevent parents from restricting their infants' fat intake.
B) Infants have a rapid growth rate and will adjust their overall food intake to meet their needs.
C) By law, the fat content is uniformly set at 30 percent of total energy for all infant foods and therefore is not required to be listed.
D) By law, the fat content must have equivalent amounts of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats to provide between 30 and 35 percent of total energy.

Question 59

Low-fat or non-fat milk can be given routinely to a child until after what age?

A) 2 weeks
B) 3 months
C) 2 years
D) 6 years

Question 60

At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow solid food?

A) 3-5 weeks
B) 26-32 weeks
C) 4-6 months
D) 9-12 months

Question 61

A child who drinks a lot of milk at the expense of other foods is at high risk of showing signs of which of the following illnesses?

A) anemia
B) rickets
C) hyperkeratosis
D) ariboflavinosis

Question 62

Which one of the following shows the relationship between adequate iron nutrition in children?

A) Anemia makes children more relaxed.
B) General symptoms of iron deficiency are similar to those of mild aluminum toxicity.
C) The brain appears to be less sensitive to iron deficiency than the rest of the body.
D) Children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants do not show normal school performance even after iron status has improved.

Question 63

Jenny is a 13-year-old who follows a vegan diet. She has not been performing as well as her non-vegetarian study friend on math tests. The teacher tells Jenny's mom that she does not appear focused during lessons and can't seem to concentrate on her schoolwork. Which of the following may provide a likely explanation?

A) The diet doesn't provide enough energy for her to stay alert.
B) The diet provides insufficient bioavailable iron and she many be anemic.
C) The diet contains insufficient calcium and protein, which impairs intellectual performance.
D) The high fibre content of a vegan diet that promotes stool formation increases the urge to evacuate, which interferes with her ability to concentrate.

Question 64

The consumption of milk by children should be less than 1000 mL per day in order to lower the risk for which of the following abnormalities?

A) solute overload
B) iron deficiency
C) vitamin A toxicity
D) vitamin D toxicity

Question 65

Which of the following is the primary factor in the development of milk anemia?

A) impaired absorption of iron
B) excessive intake of cow's milk
C) low iron content of breast milk
D) insufficient intake of whole cow's milk

Question 66

Approximately how many kcalories per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain?

A) 500 kcal
B) 800 kcal
C) 1600 kcal
D) 2400 kcal

Question 67

Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among Canadian children?

A) iron deficiency
B) protein deficiency
C) calcium deficiency
D) vitamin C deficiency

Question 68

Which of the following is the number of kcalories required by an active 2 - 3 year-old child?

A) 1200
B) 1400
C) 1600
D) 1800

Question 69

Which of the following supplements should a child receive during infancy and childhood?

A) vitamins A and C
B) vitamin A and potassium
C) fluoride and calcium
D) fluoride and iron

Question 70

What should be the parent's response when a 1-year-old child wants to clumsily spoon-feed himself?

A) Punish the child.
B) Let the child eat with his fingers instead.
C) Let the child try to feed himself so that he will learn.
D) Gently take the spoon back and feed the child with it.

Question 71

Which of the following is the most likely reason that teachers promote the consumption of midmorning snacks for children?

A) It provides an opportunity to learn about nutrition.
B) It meets federally mandated school nutrition guidelines.
C) It provides carbohydrate for maintenance of blood glucose and brain function.
D) It helps decrease the symptoms of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in 5 percent of school-age children.

Question 72

Which of the following is associated with energy metabolism of the preschool child?

A) Food intake is remarkably similar from meal to meal.
B) Overweight individuals have appetites similar to normal-weight individuals.
C) Energy needs per kilogram body weight increase from 1 year of age to 5 years of age.
D) A 1-year-old who needs 800 kcal/day would require only about 1600 kcal at 6 years of age.

Question 73

Which of the following is a concern for vegan vegetarian diets and infancy?

A) Infants weaned to vegan diets show slowing of growth.
B) The risk for inadequate intakes of vitamins B₁₂ and D is significant.
C) Rice milk may substitute for other beverages from the age of 12 months and on.
D) Infants and children in vegetarian families should be given calcium-fortified foods well into the second year.

Question 74

Which of the following shows the relationship between children who regularly eat breakfast and those who skip breakfast?

A) Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast.
B) Attention spans are similar but a significant number of breakfast-skippers show hyperglycemia.
C) Breakfast-skippers initially show decreased mental performance but with time they adapt and show almost identical achievements.
D) Breakfast-skippers who change to eating breakfast show a temporary improvement in mental concentration but also a moderate degree of hypoglycemia.

Question 75

Foods containing sorbitol or other sugar alcohols should NOT be given to infants for which of the following reasons?

A) They promote diarrhea
B) They promote constipation
C) They decrease lead absorption
D) They increase iron absorption

Question 76

Why are hunger and behaviour in children so closely linked?

A) Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch.
B) The nutrient deficit arising from skipping a breakfast is usually made up over the following 2 days.
C) Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their friends who do not.
D) Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, their scores on intelligence tests remain unaffected.

Question 77

A reasonable daily fibre intake for a 5 year old would be which of the following amounts?

A) 2 g
B) 5 g
C) 25 g
D) 45 g

Question 78

Young children who drink more than 2-3½ cups of milk a day are most likely at increased risk for deficiency of which of the following nutrients?

A) iron
B) folate
C) vitamin A
D) vitamin C

Question 79

How much more total energy does a normal-weight 10 year old need versus a 1 year old?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 150 percent
D) 200 percent

Question 80

Which of the following ranges is the percentage of fat energy recommended for children aged 1 - 3 years?

A) 10 - 15 percent
B) 10 - 30 percent
C) 25 - 40 percent
D) 30 - 40 percent