Deck 11: Water and the Electrolytes

Question 1

What is the AI for total water for men?

A) 2.7 L./day
B) 3.3 L/day
C) 3.7 L/day
D) 4.3 L/day

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Interstitial water is found in which of these locations?

A) within cells
B) between cells
C) within the lungs
D) within blood vessels

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Approximately how much water, by weight, is in a loaf of bread?

A) 2 percent of the loaf
B) 5 percent of the loaf
C) 20 percent of the loaf
D) 35 percent of the loaf

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately which of these volumes?

A) 0-0.5 L
B) 0.5-1.5 L
C) 1.5-2.5 L
D) 3.0-4.0 L

Question 5

Which one of the following foods contains the highest percentage of water?

A) strawberries
B) yogurt
C) avocado
D) ice cream

Question 6

Which of the following factors determines how much water a person requires?

A) age
B) weight
C) health status
D) humidity

Question 7

Which of the following is the approximate amount of water found in a 60 kg person?

A) 15 kg
B) 29 kg
C) 36 kg
D) 48 kg

Question 8

Which of the following nutrients contributes most to the weight of the human body?

A) iron
B) water
C) protein
D) calcium

Question 9

Which of these is the body's most indispensable nutrient?

A) fat
B) water
C) protein
D) glucose

Question 10

Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as which of the following states?

A) hypertension
B) hyponatremia
C) hyperkalemia
D) water intoxication

Question 11

What fraction of lean tissue represents its water content?

A) 1/10
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 3/4

Question 12

What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2500 kcalories?

A) 250 mL
B) 650 mL
C) 1250 mL
D) 2500 mL

Question 13

Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water?

A) elderly
B) children
C) obese people
D) female adolescents

Question 14

In the body, water that resides between cells is known as what type of fluid?

A) diuretic fluid
B) interstitial fluid
C) edematous fluid
D) intravascular fluid

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of water in the body?

A) lubricant
B) source of energy
C) maintains lipid structure
D) maintains calcium volume

Question 16

Which of the following terms describes the amount of water that the body must excrete daily in order to remove wastes from the body?

A) water excretion
B) obligatory water excretion
C) necessary water waste
D) excess waste water excretion

Question 17

From which part of the body are water losses the greatest?

A) urine
B) lungs
C) sweat glands
D) feces

Question 18

Which one of the following is a mild symptom of dehydration?

A) nausea
B) headache
C) weakness
D) spastic muscles

Question 19

Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst?

A) brain stem
B) cerebellum
C) optic nerve
D) hypothalamus

Question 20

Which of these is the minimum amount of water that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?

A) 100 mL
B) 250 mL
C) 500 mL
D) 1000 mL

Question 21

How does antidiuretic hormone function?

A) by activating renin
B) by activating angiotensin
C) by stimulating water reabsorption by the kidneys
D) by stimulating sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 22

What is the most prevalent extracellular cation?

A) sodium
B) sulphate
C) protein
D) potassium

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between caffeine intake and water balance?

A) Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract.
B) Caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea.
C) Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial fluid volume.
D) Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting non-caffeinated beverages.

Question 24

If the body is low on sodium, aldosterone will stimulate sodium reabsorption from which organ?

A) the heart
B) the liver
C) the pancreas
D) the kidneys

Question 25

Approximately how many millilitres of water/day are produced by a person's metabolism?

A) 100 mL
B) 250 mL
C) 500 mL
D) 750 mL

Question 26

Ions that carry a positive charge are called which of the following terms?

A) anions
B) cations
C) mineralytes
D) valence ions

Question 27

The approximate percentage of water in pizza is which of these amounts?

A) 5 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 45 percent

Question 28

Aldosterone and renin each function to promote which of the following processes?

A) electrolyte balance
B) retention of sodium
C) excretion of calcium
D) constriction of blood vessels

Question 29

What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?

A) thyroxine
B) adrenocorticotrophic hormone
C) epinephrine
D) antidiuretic hormone

Question 30

Which of the following instructions describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?

A) Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water.
B) Vigorously shake a mixture of corn oil and water.
C) Dissolve a pinch of cornstarch in a glass of water.
D) Vigorously shake a pinch of table sugar in warm water.

Question 31

What is the largest extracellular anion?

A) sodium
B) lactate
C) sulfate
D) chloride

Question 32

What is the major intracellular anion?

A) protein
B) sodium
C) phosphate
D) bicarbonate

Question 33

Which one of the following minerals is most predominant in hard water?

A) magnesium
B) potassium
C) iron
D) sodium

Question 34

Among the following compounds, which promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevation of blood pressure?

A) phytates
B) angiotensin
C) aldosterone
D) carbonic acid

Question 35

Which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) magnesium
D) phosphorus

Question 36

Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate which of the following illnesses?

A) scurvy
B) diabetes
C) hypertension
D) megaloblastic anemia

Question 37

What is the most prevalent intracellular cation?

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) phosphate
D) potassium

Question 38

What is the function of renin?

A) activate angiotensin
B) activate antidiuretic hormone
C) stimulate the thirst mechanism
D) stimulate water absorption from the GI tract

Question 39

What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?

A) liver
B) heart
C) kidneys
D) skeletal muscle

Question 40

Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?

A) soft water
B) hard water
C) natural water
D) distilled water

Question 41

Which of the following play important roles in acid-base balance?

A) the heart
B) the stomach
C) the kidneys
D) the pancreas

Question 42

When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?

A) sodium and chloride
B) bicarbonate and sulfate
C) calcium and magnesium
D) potassium and phosphate

Question 43

The normal blood pH range is approximately which of the following?

A) 6.80-7.15
B) 6.98-7.12
C) 7.35-7.45
D) 7.55-8.55

Question 44

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent which of the following states?

A) dehydration
B) constipation
C) keratinization
D) hypertension

Question 45

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A) a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell
B) a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
C) a mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation
D) a mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration

Question 46

Which of these is another term for hypertension?

A) high blood sodium
B) high blood pressure
C) excessive mental stress
D) excessive muscular contraction

Question 47

What percentage of people with normal blood pressure are salt sensitive?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 48

What is the AI for sodium for those individuals over 70 years of age?

A) 800 mg
B) 1000 mg
C) 1200 mg
D) 1400 mg

Question 49

What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?

A) activate angiotensin
B) activate angiotensinogen
C) help with gastric digestion
D) help maintain acid-base balance

Question 50

When salt is added to a vegetable, what process occurs?

A) the vegetable shrivels up
B) the vegetable sweats
C) the vegetable becomes plump
D) the vegetable tastes bitter

Question 51

Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?

A) Intake is higher.
B) Excretion is higher.
C) Intake and excretion are equal.
D) Excretion is unrelated to intake.

Question 52

What is the term for the pressure that develops when 2 solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?

A) hypotension
B) hypertension
C) osmotic pressure
D) hypertonic pressure

Question 53

What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance?

A) skin
B) liver
C) kidneys
D) stomach

Question 54

The average sodium intake for Canadian adults is which of the following levels?

A) 3400 mg
B) 3600 mg
C) 3800 mg
D) 4000 mg

Question 55

Which of the following elements serves as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) calcium
D) potassium

Question 56

The DASH diet encourages an increased intake of vegetables that are high in which of the following nutrients?

A) chromium
B) magnesium
C) potassium
D) selenium

Question 57

Which of the following events is specific to a salt-sensitive individual?

A) Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises.
B) Immune system is activated when salt intake increases.
C) Muscle cramps occur when body sodium becomes depleted.
D) Thirst response is activated upon consumption of a sodium-rich food.

Question 58

Which of the following measurements of salt contributes approximately 2300 mg of sodium?

A) 5 mL
B) 10 mL
C) 15 mL
D) 20 mL

Question 59

Which of the following is a common participant in the regulation of body fluid pH?

A) ascorbic acid
B) oxalic acid
C) bicarbonate
D) hydrochloric acid

Question 60

Typical ingredients in an oral rehydration therapy formula include water and which one of the following substances?

A) fat
B) potassium
C) sugar
D) protein

Question 61

Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion?

A) athletes who are body-builders
B) construction workers in cold climates
C) those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables
D) those who consume insufficient amounts of salted foods

Question 62

Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of which of the following?

A) calcium
B) sodium
C) chloride
D) potassium

Question 63

Which of the following adverse responses is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?

A) dehydration
B) hyponatremia
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) elevated blood sodium

Question 64

Which of the following is the AI for potassium for adults?

A) 4700 mg/day
B) 4500 mg/day
C) 4300 mg/day
D) 4100 mg/day

Question 65

Which of the following is a major function of chloride?

A) participate in wound healing
B) help maintain gastric acidity
C) act as principal intracellular electrolyte
D) protect bone structures against degeneration

Question 66

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for salt?

A) 2000 mg/day
B) 2300 mg/day
C) 2600 mg/day
D) 2900 mg/day

Question 67

Ron's doctor has advised him to decrease his sodium intake. Which one of the following practices would help Ron?

A) Eat smoked salmon instead of canned salmon.
B) Prepare foods with lemon or vinegar.
C) Use teriyaki sauce instead of soy sauce.
D) Eat crackers instead of potato chips.

Question 68

Which of the following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to lose in the greatest amount?

A) calcium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) phosphorus

Question 69

What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?

A) 0 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 70

Which of the following foods is surprisingly high in sodium?

A) instant chocolate pudding
B) roasted peanuts
C) yogurt
D) soy sauce

Question 71

Barbara has recently been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her blood tests showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habit of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk?

A) rickets
B) arthritis
C) low blood pressure
D) high blood pressure

Question 72

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?

A) participate in wound healing
B) help maintain gastric acidity
C) act as principal intracellular electrolyte
D) protect bone structures against degeneration

Question 73

Which of the following nutrients is the primary cation in the extracellular fluids?

A) calcium
B) magnesium
C) chloride
D) sodium

Question 74

Which of the following is a problem associated with potassium deficiency?

A) It leads to hyperglycemia.
B) It leads to lower blood pressure.
C) It can be prevented by consumption of potatoes.
D) It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources.

Question 75

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?

A) processed foods
B) unprocessed foods
C) natural salt content of foods
D) salt added during cooking and at the table

Question 76

People engaged in physical activity are generally advised against the intake of salt tablets for which one of the following reasons?

A) They can induce dehydration.
B) They suppress the thirst mechanisms.
C) They may lead to complete kidney failure.
D) They reduce blood glucose concentration.

Question 77

Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which one of the following foods should Sam remove from his diet?

A) beef
B) salmon
C) almonds
D) turkey

Question 78

What is the AI for chloride for adults aged 19 to 50 years?

A) 1400 mg/day
B) 1700 mg/day
C) I200 mg/day
D) 2300 mg/day

Question 79

Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?

A) extreme thirst
B) muscle weakness
C) profound sweating
D) lowered blood pressure

Question 80

Potassium-rich vegetables and fruits can reduce the risk for which of the following conditions?

A) kidney disease
B) stroke
C) pancreatitis
D) constipation