Deck 4: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Most episodes of sleepwalking and sleep talking occur during ________ sleep.

A) Stage 2
B) REM
C) Stage 4
D) Stage 3

Answer 1

Stage 4

Question 2

A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long.

A) 1.5
B) 6
C) 24
D) 12

Answer 2

24

Question 3

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________.

A) apnea
B) cataplexy
C) insomnia
D) narcolepsy

Answer 3

insomnia

Question 4

Which of the following chemicals has been found to play a crucial role in our need for sleep?

A) atropine
B) adenosine
C) prednisone
D) thyroxin

Question 5

We spend about one-________ of our lives sleeping.

A) fifth
B) third
C) half
D) fourth

Question 6

Which of the following children would be most likely to suffer night terrors?

A) a child who is under a lot of stress
B) a child who had nightmares last night
C) a child who slept much later than normal this morning
D) a child who is very young

Question 7

There is a link between sleep deprivation and ________.

A) neither asthma nor stroke
B) asthma but not stroke
C) both asthma and stroke
D) stroke but not asthma

Question 8

A recent study found that women who sleep ________ have an increased risk of heart disease.

A) too little, but not too much
B) a normal number of hours
C) too much, but not too little
D) either too much or too little

Question 9

Our awareness of various mental processes such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating is called ________.

A) self-awareness
B) creativity
C) consciousness
D) intelligence

Question 10

Approximately ________ percent of children experience at least one episode of either sleepwalking or sleep talking.

A) 40
B) 20
C) 80
D) 60

Question 11

Hospital residents working heavy schedules perform similarly on cognitive tasks to people with ________.

A) no alcohol in their systems
B) blood alcohol levels between .04 and .05
C) blood alcohol levels between .07 and .08
D) blood alcohol levels between .01 and .02

Question 12

During sleep the brain ________.

A) acts the same as it would in a waking state
B) experiences a higher sense of awareness to sounds
C) moves through several unique stages of sleep
D) will respond to stimulus that produces responses in the waking state

Question 13

Night terrors usually occur in ________ sleep.

A) non-REM
B) irregular
C) REM
D) daytime

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Nightmares, but not night terrors, suggest some psychological problems.
B) Night terrors, but not nightmares, suggest some psychological problems.
C) Neither nightmares nor night terrors are evidence of psychological problems.
D) Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 15

All of the thoughts and feelings we have when we are awake and reasonably alert are called ________.

A) intelligence
B) waking consciousness
C) altered states of consciousness
D) self-awareness

Question 16

When we are awake and alert, we are usually conscious of ________ around us.

A) about half of what is going on
B) virtually everything going on
C) most of what is going on
D) a small portion of what is going on

Question 17

The human biological clock is governed by a cluster of cells known as the ________ of the hypothalamus.

A) basal ganglia
B) reticular activating system
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) substantia nigra

Question 18

The hallmark of normal waking consciousness is ________.

A) the highly generalized nature of attentive processes
B) the highly selective nature of attention
C) the short duration of attention-span
D) the ability to intensely focus on multiple tasks at once

Question 19

Research evidence indicates that sleep plays an important restorative function ________.

A) both mentally and physically
B) mentally, but not physically
C) physically, but not mentally
D) neither physically nor mentally

Question 20

At any given time, about ________ million Americans suffer from chronic, long-term sleep disorders.

A) 70
B) 90
C) 50
D) 30

Question 21

On the average, people dream ________.

A) once every five or six days
B) once a night
C) several times a night
D) once every two or three days

Question 22

Chemical substances that change people's moods, perceptions, and mental functioning are known as ________ drugs.

A) psychoreactive
B) analgesic
C) psychomotor
D) psychoactive

Question 23

According to Freud, the hidden, unconscious desires expressed indirectly in a dream's symbolic content are its ________ content.

A) secondary
B) manifest
C) primary
D) latent

Question 24

________ called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious."

A) Freud
B) Adler
C) Jung
D) Hobson and McCarley

Question 25

A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The content of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist is what Freud called its ________ content.

A) latent
B) primary
C) manifest
D) secondary

Question 26

People with narcolepsy fall immediately into ________ sleep during a narcoleptic episode.

A) Stage 2
B) Stage 1
C) REM
D) Stage 4

Question 27

If you study hard during the week and then stay up all night on Friday and Saturday, you are likely to ________.

A) remember more of the material than if you had spent a more restful weekend
B) remember much less of the material than if you had spent a more restful weekend
C) remember just as much of the material as if you had spent a more restful weekend
D) remember none of the material that you would have remembered had you spent a more restful weekend

Question 28

People awakened during REM sleep report vivid, graphic dreams ________ percent of the time.

A) 80 to 85
B) 40 to 45
C) 60 to 65
D) 20 to 25

Question 29

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden nodding off during the day and loss of muscle tone following moments of emotional excitement is ________.

A) cataplexy
B) narcolepsy
C) apnea
D) insomnia

Question 30

Vivid visual and auditory experiences that our minds create primarily during REM periods of sleep are called ________.

A) dreams
B) hallucinations
C) night terrors
D) delusions

Question 31

Sleep apnea affects ________ million Americans.

A) 1 to 2
B) 30 to 32
C) 10 to 12
D) 20 to 22

Question 32

During dreams, ________.

A) the limbic system is very active
B) areas involving the prefrontal cortex are very active
C) the limbic system is relatively inactive
D) the forebrain is active while the limbic system remains inactive

Question 33

The dream theory claiming that dreams are a means of strengthening memories crucial to our survival is ________ theory.

A) problem-solving
B) information processing
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Question 34

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulties in breathing while asleep is ________.

A) cataplexy
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) apnea

Question 35

Of all psychoactive substances, ________ has the longest history of widespread use.

A) marijuana
B) nicotine
C) opium
D) alcohol

Question 36

Yvonne suffers from narcolepsy. Which of the following symptoms is she likely to have?

A) temporary paralysis of the voluntary muscles while awakening from deep sleep
B) lack of REM sleep at night
C) breathing difficulties at night
D) falling asleep without warning during alert activities during the day

Question 37

Freud believed that dreams represent ________.

A) unfulfilled wishes
B) attempts to solve waking problems while asleep
C) hidden, deep-seated psychological problems
D) the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity

Question 38

Sleep apnea, if severe, ________ a person's risk of having a stroke or dying.

A) slightly lowers
B) significantly lowers
C) slightly increases
D) can double or triple

Question 39

Most episodes of insomnia are ________ and stem from ________.

A) temporary; stressful events
B) chronic; stressful events
C) chronic; underlying psychological problems
D) temporary; underlying psychological problems

Question 40

________ the most common alteration of normal consciousness.

A) Dreams are
B) Drug intoxication is
C) Meditation is
D) Hypnosis is

Question 41

In a study on how marijuana affects creativity, the people who took the marijuana performed no more creatively than those who took a placebo. Both groups performed more creatively than a group that received no drugs at all. What conclusions can best be drawn from these findings?

A) The group receiving the placebo was more creative to begin with than the group receiving the marijuana.
B) The creative effects of marijuana are probably due to people's beliefs that it will increase their creativity.
C) Neither marijuana nor a placebo seems to have any effect on creativity.
D) Marijuana enhances creativity.

Question 42

For the average woman, one drink is likely to have the same biological and psychological effects as ________ drink(s) for the average man.

A) 1/2
B) two
C) one
D) three

Question 43

________ are commonly known as "downers."

A) Amphetamines
B) Opiates
C) Barbiturates
D) Hallucinogens

Question 44

The most frequently used psychoactive drug in Western societies is ________.

A) nicotine
B) marijuana
C) cocaine
D) alcohol

Question 45

Because it depresses or inhibits the centers in the brain that are used for critical judgment and inhibition of impulsive behavior, alcohol is subjectively experienced as a(n) ________.

A) hallucinogenic
B) depressant
C) stimulant
D) antigen

Question 46

Alcohol is implicated in more than ________ percent of violent child abuse.

A) 30
B) 70
C) 50
D) 90

Question 47

The first centers of the brain to be affected by alcohol are the ________.

A) midbrain and hypothalamus
B) medulla and spinal cord
C) frontal lobes
D) hippocampus and amygdala

Question 48

For women, "binge drinking" is defined as ________ or more drinks in a row.

A) four
B) eight
C) two
D) six

Question 49

________ are chemicals that retard behavior by either speeding up or slowing down nerve impulses.

A) Hallucinogens
B) Depressants
C) Stimulants
D) Opiates

Question 50

Potentially deadly depressants, first used for their sedative and anticonvulsant effects, now used only to treat such conditions as insomnia are ________.

A) amphetamines
B) hallucinogens
C) opiates
D) barbiturates

Question 51

________ times as many men as women are problem drinkers.

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

Question 52

The cost of alcohol abuse in America is estimated to be about ________ annually.

A) $200 billion
B) $1 billion
C) $100 million
D) $10 billion

Question 53

In an experiment, some people receive an active drug while others receive a placebo. Neither the subjects nor the people administering the drug know which people got the drug and which got the placebo. This is an example of a(n) ________ procedure.

A) double-blind
B) alternative hypothesis
C) placebo
D) single-blind

Question 54

Unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow the discontinuance of a dependence-producing substance are ________.

A) addiction
B) a craving
C) tolerance
D) withdrawal

Question 55

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates all have ________ effects.

A) depressant
B) antigenic
C) hallucinogenic
D) stimulant

Question 56

The phenomenon whereby higher doses of a drug are required to produce its original effects is ________.

A) withdrawal
B) a craving
C) potentiation
D) tolerance

Question 57

Arnold is at the company party and has had too much to drink. He releases all of his pent-up aggression by yelling at his boss, who promptly fires him. Arnold normally would not have yelled at his boss, but after drinking heavily he yelled because ________.

A) parties are places where employees are supposed to be able to "loosen up"
B) alcohol inhibits brain centers that control the perception of loudness
C) alcohol makes people less concerned with the negative consequences of their behavior
D) alcohol is a stimulant

Question 58

At least ________ million Americans have problems with drinking.

A) 21
B) 14
C) 28
D) 7

Question 59

Barbiturates have potentially deadly effects when combined with ________.

A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) alcohol
D) amphetamines

Question 60

Researchers have found that every addictive drug causes ________ levels in the brain to increase.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 61

Amphetamine psychosis is similar to ________.

A) an epileptic seizure
B) paranoid schizophrenia
C) catatonic schizophrenia
D) a drunken stupor

Question 62

Cocaine is a(n) ________.

A) opiate
B) barbiturate
C) hallucinogen
D) stimulant

Question 63

Addictive drugs, such as heroin, that dull the senses and induce feelings of euphoria are ________.

A) anti-psychotic drugs
B) opioids
C) hallucinogens
D) barbiturates

Question 64

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are members of a class of drugs known as ________.

A) analgesics
B) stimulants
C) hallucinogens
D) depressants

Question 65

The only legitimate medical use for cocaine is its use as a(n) ________.

A) treatment for glaucoma
B) muscle relaxant
C) anxiety reducer
D) topical anesthetic

Question 66

Caffeine will interfere with ________.

A) the digestion of foods and liquids
B) normal cardiovascular functioning when resting
C) prescribed medications like tranquilizers and sedatives
D) processing of information by the cerebral cortex

Question 67

In recent years, the number of teenagers who start smoking each year has ________.

A) increased dramatically
B) slightly decreased
C) dramatically decreased
D) hardly changed

Question 68

Amphetamines are chemically similar to ________.

A) thyroxin
B) epinephrine
C) serotonin
D) oxytocin

Question 69

Youth aged 12 to 17 who smoke are ________ times more likely than their nonsmoking peers to use illicit drugs.

A) 8
B) 4
C) 16
D) 12

Question 70

Mescaline, peyote, and psilocybin are all ________.

A) opiates
B) hallucinogens
C) stimulants
D) barbiturates

Question 71

One of the most famous users of cocaine was ________.

A) Freud
B) Poe
C) Lincoln
D) Jung

Question 72

Reed has undergone profound behavior changes recently. He has been aggressive and violent, eats very little, and has acted paranoid. These marked changes in his behavior are probably the result of ________ abuse.

A) amphetamine
B) barbiturate
C) alcohol
D) LSD

Question 73

The effects of barbiturates are similar to those of ________.

A) heroin
B) alcohol
C) LSD
D) cocaine

Question 74

On a biochemical level, cocaine blocks the reabsorption of the neurotransmitter ________.

A) acetylcholine
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) epinephrine

Question 75

The drug "Ecstasy" is technically a(n) ________.

A) barbiturate
B) hallucinogen
C) opiate
D) amphetamine

Question 76

Which of the following drugs, with chronic use, can lead to psychosis?

A) nicotine
B) amphetamines
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 77

"Crack" is the crystalline form of ________.

A) mescaline
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 78

The most addictive and dangerous stimulant in use today is ________.

A) cocaine
B) nicotine
C) alcohol
D) amphetamine

Question 79

At the turn of the century, many physicians promoted ________ as a cure for morphine and alcohol addiction.

A) opium
B) cocaine
C) heroin
D) marijuana

Question 80

Todd has just quit smoking after being a smoker for five years. He is most likely to experience ________.

A) headaches, irritability, insomnia, and drowsiness
B) nausea, anxiety, and temporary heart "flutter"
C) apathy, loss of energy, and excess sleep
D) excess hunger, sweatiness, and the "shakes"