Deck 9: Water and Minerals

Question 1

For which of the following people are sports drinks with electrolytes most appropriate?

A) A student who needs to stay up late to study for an exam
B) An athlete who competes in a marathon
C) An athlete who competes in the 100-meter dash
D) An elderly adult

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following conditions does NOT lead to the breakdown of plastic water bottles?

A) Being left in a hot car
B) Being used to hold lemonade
C) Cleaning in the dishwasher
D) All of these conditions break down plastic.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following people is likely to have the highest percentage of body water?

A) A highly trained male athlete
B) A highly trained female athlete
C) An obese woman
D) An elderly man

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The process of equalizing ion concentration by movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane is known as

A) nerve impulse transmission.
B) osmosis.
C) osteoporosis.
D) diuresis.

Question 5

Mucus, saliva, and synovial (joint) fluid exemplify water's role as a

A) lubricant.
B) solvent.
C) transport medium.
D) participant in chemical reactions.

Question 6

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to conserve

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) chloride.
D) phosphate.

Question 7

Bottled water is regulated by

A) USDA.
B) EPA.
C) FDA.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 8

Inadequate hydration may increase risk for

A) hyponatremia.
B) kidney stones.
C) hypertension.
D) hypokalemia.

Question 9

Hypertension is defined as a systolic/diastolic blood pressure at or above ___________ mm Hg.

A) 100/50
B) 120/80
C) 140/90
D) 180/100

Question 10

Composed primarily of water, metabolic wastes, and minerals, the body's major waste product is

A) bile.
B) feces.
C) sweat.
D) urine.

Question 11

Softening of hard water may increase its _______________ content.

A) sodium
B) magnesium
C) calcium
D) fluoride

Question 12

Metabolic water refers to

A) rehydration beverages that contain electrolytes.
B) water that is formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of macronutrients for energy.
C) water that is conserved by the kidneys.
D) fluids that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 13

If the intracellular concentration of ions is greater than the extracellular concentration of ions, which will happen in order to maintain balance?

A) Fluid will move into the cell.
B) Fluid will move out of the cell.
C) Ions will move into the cell.
D) Ions will move out of the cell.

Question 14

Symptoms of dehydration include all of the following EXCEPT

A) heat intolerance.
B) low blood pressure.
C) slowed heart rate.
D) dry skin.

Question 15

Which of the following foods has the lowest water content?

A) Butter
B) Whole grain bread
C) Tomato
D) Sirloin steak

Question 16

A rise from 98.6 $\degree$ to 99.6 $\degree$ F, results in a ______% rise in basal metabolic rate.

A) 10
B) 7
C) 5
D) 1

Question 17

Bottled water is often lower in _______________ than municipal tap water.

A) calcium
B) iron
C) fluoride
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 18

For a healthy adult, the largest percentage of daily water output is attributed to

A) feces.
B) urine.
C) perspiration.
D) lung respiration.

Question 19

______ is a hormone released by the adrenal glands that is responsible for regulating fluid volume in the body.

A) Aldosterone
B) Angiotensin
C) Insulin
D) Antidiuretic hormone

Question 20

Chronic dehydration increases a man's risk of developing .

A) gallstones.
B) calcium deposits.
C) a fever.
D) kidney stones.

Question 21

Which of the following is true about mineral bioavailability?

A) Minerals from plants are better absorbed than those from animal products.
B) Minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants.
C) The trace mineral content of plants is relatively constant no matter which soil serves as the medium.
D) Refining foods will increase the trace mineral content.

Question 22

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride mainly serve as structural components of

A) hair and fingernails.
B) the skin.
C) the central nervous system.
D) bones and teeth.

Question 23

Excessive intake of ______ can decrease absorption of ______.

A) vitamin C; iron
B) zinc; copper
C) fiber; vitamin C
D) vitamin D; calcium

Question 24

A liter of perspiration lost by the body represents ____ kilocalories.

A) 200
B) 400
C) 600
D) 800

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true about the regulation of fluid in the body?

A) Thirst is a reliable indicator of how much water should be consumed to replenish body fluids during illness.
B) Antidiuretic hormone is released to force the kidney to conserve water.
C) There is a limit to how concentrated the kidney can make the urine.
D) Even though the kidney can effectively conserve water, insensible water losses must be replenished.

Question 26

After an intense workout, Christa's weight was down 3 pounds. To rehydrate adequately, Christa should drink cups of water over the next hour or two.

A) 1 - 2
B) 2 - 3
C) 4 - 6
D) 6 - 9

Question 27

The two most significant extracellular ions are

A) sodium and chloride.
B) phosphate and potassium.
C) potassium and sodium.
D) chloride and potassium.

Question 28

Water constitutes ______ percent of body weight.

A) 10-20
B) 25-45
C) 50-70
D) 75-95

Question 29

Minerals are classified in which way?

A) Major minerals are needed in amounts of 500 mg per day or greater.
B) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less.
C) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 10 mg per day or less.
D) Major minerals are needed in amounts of 200 mg per day or greater.

Question 30

Of the following minerals, daily requirements are highest for

A) iron.
B) iodine.
C) calcium.
D) copper.

Question 31

Adult men need how much total water intake per day?

A) 2.0 liters (8.5 cups)
B) 2.7 liters (11 cups)
C) 3.0 liters (13 cups)
D) 3.7 liters (15 cups)

Question 32

The amount of water in each body compartment mainly is controlled by

A) oxygen concentration.
B) glucose concentration.
C) the presence of fatty acids.
D) ion concentration.

Question 33

Zinc competes with for absorption.

A) chromium
B) copper
C) chloride
D) vitamin C

Question 34

Adult women need how much total water intake per day?

A) 1.5 liters (6 cups)
B) 2 liters (8.5 cups)
C) 2.7 liters (11 cups)
D) 3 liters (13 cups)

Question 35

Water regulates body temperature through heat loss via

A) conduction.
B) radiation.
C) respiration.
D) evaporation.

Question 36

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the role of minerals in the body?

A) They make possible the transfer of nerve impulses.
B) They are constituents of important body compounds.
C) They provide 4 kilocalories per gram.
D) They help maintain water balance.

Question 37

Compared to whole grain products, refined grains are ______ in trace minerals

A) lower
B) higher
C) equivalent

Question 38

Joe is a wrestler and during his workouts he loses 2 pounds. How much water would he have to drink to replenish this water weight loss?

A) 2 - 3 cups
B) 3 - 4 cups
C) 4 - 6 cups
D) 6 - 8 cups

Question 39

Intracellular water volume depends primarily on the concentration of

A) sodium and chloride.
B) phosphate and potassium.
C) potassium and sodium.
D) chloride and potassium.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?

A) potassium
B) sodium
C) iron
D) calcium

Question 41

Sodium intake above 2000 milligrams per day may increase urinary excretion of if your dietary intake of that nutrient is low.

A) iron
B) vitamin E
C) calcium
D) vitamin D

Question 42

Which of the following 1-ounce portions of food would have the least sodium?

A) hamburger
B) ham
C) deli chicken
D) cheese

Question 43

Which of the following meals would be suitable for a person following a low-sodium diet?

A) Chicken noodle soup, oyster crackers, and a tossed green salad with ranch dressing
B) Chicken tenders, French fries, and sliced apples from a fast food restaurant
C) A homemade chicken casserole made with canned green beans and cream of mushroom soup
D) Homemade oven-baked chicken, buttered rice, and steamed fresh green beans

Question 44

Of the following, the best source of potassium is

A) fresh spinach.
B) milk.
C) white bread.
D) canned tuna.

Question 45

Higher intake of which of the following minerals is associated with lowered blood pressure?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Cadmium
D) Chloride

Question 46

The ratio of sodium to chloride in table salt is

A) 30:70.
B) 40:60.
C) 50:50.
D) 60:40.

Question 47

All foods in their unprocessed form tend to be low in sodium EXCEPT

A) milk and dairy products.
B) whole grains.
C) legumes.
D) fruits.

Question 48

The AI for sodium for those under 51 years of age is

A) 500 mg/day.
B) 1000 mg/day.
C) 1500 mg/day.
D) 2000 mg/day.

Question 49

Potassium performs all the following functions EXCEPT

A) it maintains the ability to see at night.
B) it maintains fluid balance.
C) it assists nerve transmission.
D) it maintains normal heart function.

Question 50

Of the following foods, which one is lowest in sodium?

A) Pepperoni pizza
B) Macaroni salad
C) Milk
D) Grape juice

Question 51

Limiting dietary intake of sodium will ______ urine production.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) not change

Question 52

About ______ of adults are sodium sensitive.

A) 10% - 15%
B) 25% - 30%
C) 45% - 50%
D) 70% - 75%

Question 53

The major source of ______ in the American diet is processed foods.

A) calcium
B) sodium
C) phosphorus
D) potassium

Question 54

Which of the following population groups requires the least sodium?

A) Adults through age 50
B) Adults age 51 - 70
C) Adults age 71 and older
D) Sodium requirements are the same for all adults.

Question 55

About 95% of Americans exceed the Upper Level for

A) water.
B) sodium.
C) potassium.
D) calcium.

Question 56

Potassium is found in the largest quantities in

A) milk and dairy products.
B) meats.
C) fruits and vegetables.
D) refined grains.

Question 57

The sodium concentration of the blood is primarily regulated by the

A) kidneys.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) brain.

Question 58

When starting a reduced-salt diet, how long before you can sense salt at a lower taste threshold?

A) 2 weeks
B) 8 weeks
C) 12 weeks
D) 18 weeks

Question 59

Consumption of a diet high in salt by a healthy individual will

A) cause damage to the kidneys.
B) result in edema.
C) increase fecal excretion of sodium.
D) increase urinary excretion of sodium.

Question 60

The typical American diet contains approximately ___ milligrams of sodium.

A) 700 to 1,200
B) 1,300 to 2,200
C) 2,300 to 4,700
D) 5,000 to 10,000

Question 61

Bone remodeling refers to

A) continual degradation and regeneration of bone.
B) loss of height that occurs with aging.
C) bone marrow regeneration.
D) use of metal pins to repair broken bones.

Question 62

Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of potassium?

A) Squash
B) Skim milk
C) Whole grain pasta
D) Canola oil

Question 63

Type 1 osteoporosis

A) is mainly due to increased estrogen levels.
B) most dramatically affects trabecular bone.
C) is characterized by equal losses of trabecular and cortical bone.
D) affects both men and women over the age of 60.

Question 64

The most nutrient-dense calcium food source is

A) dark green vegetables.
B) meat.
C) dairy.
D) cereal grains.

Question 65

Which of the following populations is NOT at risk for low blood potassium?

A) Vegetarians
B) Alcoholics
C) People with eating disorders
D) People who exercise heavily

Question 66

The most accurate method of assessing bone health is

A) computed tomography.
B) quantitative ultrasound.
C) an x-ray of the back.
D) dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.

Question 67

A good indicator of bone health is

A) bone mineral density.
B) frame size.
C) curvature of the spine.
D) blood calcium concentration.

Question 68

Potassium and phosphate are the major ______ electrolytes.

A) extracellular
B) intracellular

Question 69

For prevention of osteoporosis, strength training is

A) recommended because the stress on bones stimulates bone maintenance.
B) recommended because it decreases estrogen levels.
C) not recommended because it increases fracture risk.
D) not recommended because it increases testosterone levels.

Question 70

Which of the following populations is at risk for high blood potassium?

A) Vegetarians
B) Alcoholics
C) People with eating disorders
D) People with kidney disorders

Question 71

Blood calcium concentration is regulated at the level of the

A) bones.
B) intestines.
C) kidneys.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 72

Cortical bone

A) has a dense structure.
B) has a spongy structure.
C) is the site of red blood cell synthesis.
D) is the protective, outer layer of bone.

Question 73

Which of the following electrolytes is especially important for proper heart rhythm?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Chloride
D) Phosphate

Question 74

Depletion of chloride is mostly likely to occur with excessive

A) dieting.
B) vomiting.
C) diarrhea.
D) sweating.

Question 75

Functions of chloride include all of the following EXCEPT

A) digestion.
B) immunity.
C) enzyme activation.
D) nerve transmission.

Question 76

_______________ is the mineral present in the body in the greatest quantity. The best dietary sources are milk and dairy products.

A) boron
B) calcium
C) magnesium
D) phosphorus

Question 77

Accumulation of bone mass occurs primarily during childhood and adolescence. Later in life, the rate of bone degradation exceeds the rate of bone synthesis. For average, healthy men and women, gradual bone loss begins around age

A) 20.
B) 25.
C) 30.
D) 35.

Question 78

Trabecular bone

A) has a non-porous structure.
B) is the site of blood cell synthesis.
C) is more slowly remodeled than cortical bone.
D) forms the shafts of bones and their outer mineral covering.

Question 79

The major source of chloride in the diet is

A) nuts.
B) milk.
C) cheese.
D) salt.

Question 80

Interstitial fluid, lymph, gastrointestinal fluid, spinal fluid, plasma, and synovial fluid are part of ______ fluid.

A) intracellular
B) extracellular