Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Memories are made by:

A)transforming perceptions into sensory experiences.
B)combining existing information in the brain with new information from our senses.
C)recording information coming from our senses.
D)creating exact duplicates of perceptual experiences in the hippocampus.

Answer 1

combining existing information in the brain with new information from our senses.

Question 2

_____ is the process of maintaining information in memory over time.

A)Memory
B)Encoding
C)Storage
D)Retrieval

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

Which type of judgement has research shown results in better memory for words?

A)visual
B)semantic
C)rhyme
D)mnemonics

Answer 3

semantic

Question 4

While cramming for a psychology exam,Hannah finds that,if she thinks about the meaning of terms and tries to use them in examples,she learns them much better.What technique is Hannah using to improve her memory of the terms?

A)organizational encoding
B)chunking
C)visual imagery judgements
D)semantic judgements

Question 5

Actively relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge already in memory is the definition of _____ encoding.

A)visual
B)meaning
C)semantic
D)organizational

Question 6

Your friend tells you her phone number.Hearing,thinking about,and translating the phone number to place it in your memory is an example of which process?

A)semantics
B)encoding
C)storage
D)retrieval

Question 7

Memories are:

A)recorded into the brain.
B)duplicated by the brain into perceptual experiences.
C)transformed by the brain into elemental sensory components.
D)constructed by the brain.

Question 8

The MOST effective form of encoding appears to be linking new information to:

A)what it follows in serial position.
B)how it sounds,such as rhyming words.
C)how it relates to other knowledge in memory.
D)what it looks like in sensory memory.

Question 9

Jessica has problems concentrating and,as such,does not perceive the information she reads in her textbook as well as she should.Jessica has a problem with _____ of information.

A)storage
B)encoding
C)retrieval
D)semantics

Question 10

Making a new memory is MOST analogous to:

A)composing a new musical composition.
B)translating from one language to another.
C)saving information on a computer.
D)recording a video.

Question 11

Gavin is asked to remember a list of 20 words.Some of the words are written in blue ink,and some are written in red ink.A week later,he is asked to recall as many words as possible.Gavin will probably do better on the task if,during the encoding phase,he:

A)thinks about the colour of each word.
B)pairs each word on the list with a word with which it rhymed.
C)thinks about the meaning of each word.
D)spells each word silently to himself.

Question 12

You are taking a biology class.During the lecture,you listen,take notes,and think about how the information is related to you.These are examples of _____ information into memory.When you rehearse this information,you are facilitating _____.During a test,you must remember the information,which is called _____.

A)storing;retrieval;encoding
B)encoding;retrieval;storage
C)storing;encoding;retrieval
D)encoding;storage;retrieval

Question 13

The ability to store and retrieve information over time is called:

A)preservation.
B)memory.
C)elaboration.
D)storage.

Question 14

Making a new memory is MOST analogous to:

A)transforming a written message into binary computer code.
B)taking a picture.
C)altering a recipe to create a new dish.
D)recording a video.

Question 15

Jorge relates new terms encountered in his biology class to biological terms he already knows.fMRI studies reveal that the part of his brain likely to be MOST active during this process is the:

A)amygdala.
B)parietal lobe.
C)frontal lobe.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 16

The process by which we transform what we perceive,think,or feel into an enduring memory is called:

A)encoding.
B)remembering.
C)recalling.
D)storing.

Question 17

When learning a new word,like amygdala,Angie will remember it BEST if she:

A)thinks about what the word means.
B)thinks of another word that rhymes with it.
C)pictures how the word itself looks.
D)writes the word in large block letters.

Question 18

You learned French in high school 10 years ago.You travel to Paris,and at the airport a customs officer asks you a question in French.You recall the correct answer from your study of the language and answer the officer.This is an example of which function of memory?

A)semantics
B)encoding
C)storage
D)retrieval

Question 19

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored in memory is known as:

A)memory.
B)encoding.
C)storage.
D)retrieval.

Question 20

When Paul studies for a psychology test,he tries to remember important terms by relating them to his past experiences and knowledge.He is using the strategy of:

A)semantic encoding.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)organization encoding.
D)chunking.

Question 21

Robert calls Darla and asks her to pick up soap,a new pair of slippers,and wine from the store on her way home from work.Instead of making a list,Darla successfully remembers the items to be purchased by picturing herself sipping wine in her slippers,while Robert gives her a sponge bath.What memory technique is Darla MOST likely using?

A)visual imagery encoding
B)semantic encoding
C)organizational encoding
D)sensory memory encoding

Question 22

After having spent half a day touring the Art Gallery of Ontario,Emily had seen hundreds of paintings.To maximize her potential for remembering as many paintings as possible,she decides to categorize each painting depending on its artistic style: neoclassical,realistic,romantic,impressionist,abstract,and so on.This method of memorization is called _____ encoding.

A)semantic
B)organizational
C)survival
D)visual imagery

Question 23

Storing information by converting it into mental pictures is known as _____ encoding.

A)photographic
B)visual imagery
C)semantic
D)organizational

Question 24

Ava relates new terms encountered in her philosophy class to logical terms she already knows.fMRI studies reveal that the part of her brain likely to be MOST active during this process is the:

A)amygdala.
B)frontal lobe.
C)parietal lobe.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 25

Unlike semantic encoding,visual imagery encoding shows activation of the _____ lobe.

A)frontal
B)temporal
C)parietal
D)occipital

Question 26

The encoding of survival-related information is effective because it often requires participants to engage in:

A)extensive planning.
B)constructing a fear hierarchy.
C)chunking.
D)sensory integration.

Question 27

At the supermarket,Charlotte finds it much easier to remember the food items she needs when she puts them into the categories of fruits,vegetables,and meat.What encoding process is Charlotte using to create and recall memories?

A)organizational
B)transformative
C)semantic
D)visual imagery

Question 28

Janet uses semantic judgement in encoding new terms encountered in her sociology class.fMRI studies reveal that the part of her brain likely to be MOST active during this process is the _____ lobe.

A)left temporal
B)right frontal
C)left parietal
D)right occipital

Question 29

The finding that encoding of survival-related information is subsequently easier to recall than other types of information is MOST consistent with which psychological perspective?

A)psychodynamic
B)behavioural
C)humanistic
D)evolutionary

Question 30

A stray cat would be LEAST likely to remember where it last:

A)found food.
B)encountered a mate.
C)found a toy.
D)encountered a dangerous predator.

Question 31

Recent research has suggested that _____ encoding subsequently results in the GREATEST recall of information.

A)organizational
B)semantic
C)survival
D)visual imagery

Question 32

Semantic encoding is related to an increase of activity in which brain regions?

A)the lower left frontal lobe and the inner part of the left parietal lobe
B)the lower left frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe
C)the lower right frontal lobe and the inner part of the left occipital lobe
D)the lower right frontal lobe and the inner part of the right parietal lobe

Question 33

Which area of the frontal lobe is activated during organizational encoding?

A)upper right
B)lower right
C)upper left
D)lower left

Question 34

An expert in wilderness survival participates in a memory study in which she is shown a list of words.Later,she is asked to recall these words.Which words is she MOST likely to recall?

A)freshwater
B)mountaintop
C)songbird
D)cool breeze

Question 35

Relative to semantic encoding,organizational encoding shows more activation of the upper left _____ lobe.

A)frontal
B)temporal
C)parietal
D)occipital

Question 36

Which brain region would be LEAST involved in visual imagery encoding?

A)the frontal lobe
B)the temporal lobe
C)the parietal lobe
D)the occipital lobe

Question 37

A waitress' brain is studied in an fMRI while she mentally engages in remembering the food and drink orders for a table of six virtual people.Most likely,the MRI will reveal which area of the frontal lobe to be the MOST active?

A)upper left
B)lower left
C)upper right
D)lower right

Question 38

Categorizing information based on relationships among the items in a series to be remembered is the definition of:

A)semantic encoding.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)organizational encoding.
D)chunking.

Question 39

Which statement would a person MOST likely remember later the same day?

A)Pablo Picasso represents the Cubist movement in art.
B)Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology.
C)Poe wrote,"The moon never beams without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee."
D)A black-widow spider is crawling up your leg.

Question 40

Anthony is given a list of 20 objects to memorize in order.Anthony imagines a walk from home to school and pictures one of the objects on each street corner.Which memory technique is Anthony MOST likely using?

A)organizational encoding
B)chunking
C)semantic encoding
D)visual imagery encoding

Question 41

Brittany is daydreaming in class when her instructor asks her a question.Brittany finds that,even though she was not paying attention,she can replay in her "mind's ear" the instructor's last words,taking advantage of a process called:

A)auditory memory.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)iconic memory.
D)echoic memory.

Question 42

Sensory storage holds information for a maximum of:

A)a few seconds.
B)a few minutes.
C)hours to days.
D)days to years.

Question 43

Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for a fraction of a second.She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the 12 letters they had just been shown.Based on previous research,about how many letters would you expect individual students to recall?

A)0
B)5
C)8
D)10

Question 44

The store of auditory information that decays very rapidly is called _____ memory.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)short-term
D)working

Question 45

Echoic memories usually decay in about _____ second(s).

A)1
B)5
C)30
D)60

Question 46

Sperling flashed a matrix of letters for 1/20th of a second to participants.Sperling found that the participants:

A)attempted to encode the letters from left to right.
B)attempted to encode the letters from top to bottom.
C)automatically stored the entire matrix of letters but for only a brief moment.
D)automatically stored the entire matrix of letters for up to a minute after the presentation.

Question 47

Iconic memories usually decay in about _____ or less.

A)1 second
B)7 seconds
C)1 minute
D)2 minutes

Question 48

A son is not paying attention to his father.His father asks sternly,"What did I just say?" and the son can only meekly respond,"You just asked me,'What did I just say?'" What memory store was encoding this information,despite the son not paying attention?

A)auditory memory
B)working memory
C)iconic memory
D)echoic memory

Question 49

Scenarios that involve planning to effectively encode information lead to superior recall in:

A)semantic encoding only.
B)survival-related information encoding only.
C)organizational encoding only.
D)semantic,survival-related,and organizational encoding.

Question 50

Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for a fraction of a second.She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the 12 letters they had just been shown.Which memory store is being tested?

A)echoic
B)iconic
C)working
D)limited capacity

Question 51

The fast-decaying store of visual information that is forgotten in seconds if not attended to is known as _____ memory.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)anterograde
D)retrograde

Question 52

Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for a fraction of a second.She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the letters in the top,middle,or bottom row.Based on previous research,about how many letters in the row would you expect individual students to recall?

A)none
B)one
C)two
D)three or four

Question 53

Superior recall of a scenario is often observed when the scenario:

A)is pleasant.
B)is mildly annoying.
C)involves planning.
D)involves rhyming.

Question 54

In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959),participants were given consonant strings to remember-such as DBX and HLM-and then instructed to count backwards from 100 by 3.After a variable amount of time,the participants were asked to recall the consonant strings.Asking participants to count backwards effectively prevents:

A)sensory storage.
B)iconic memory.
C)short-term storage.
D)rehearsal.

Question 55

Sperling flashed a matrix of 12 letters for 1/20th of a second to participants.When asked to recall the letters immediately after,Sperling found that MOST participants recalled:

A)none of the letters given the short presentation time.
B)fewer than three letters.
C)fewer than half of the letters.
D)more than half of the letters.

Question 56

Echoic memories last _____ iconic memories.

A)slightly longer than
B)approximately the same length of time as
C)slightly shorter than
D)much longer than

Question 57

Iconic memory is a fast-decaying store of:

A)memory of peoples' names.
B)visual memory.
C)echoic memory.
D)auditory memory.

Question 58

You look up a friend's address for the envelope of a letter you're writing.Suddenly,the phone rings.You abandon your address research to answer the phone,but it is a wrong number.When you get back to writing down the address,you have forgotten it because _____ memory has failed you.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)iconic

Question 59

Charlotte looks up a phone number on the Internet and says the number three times to herself.As she reaches for her phone to dial the number,she is distracted by noise coming from outside her office.When the noise ceases after about 30 seconds,she picks up her phone but finds that she cannot remember the number.This is due to the limits of _____ memory.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)sensory
D)iconic

Question 60

Sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less in:

A)the rehearsal memory store.
B)the short-term memory store.
C)the sensory memory store.
D)working memory.

Question 61

The first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than are the items in the middle,a phenomenon termed the _____ effect.

A)primacy
B)serial position
C)recency
D)ordinal relation

Question 62

An instructor studies his class roll for 15 minutes on the first day of class in an attempt to remember student names.The next day,he finds that he can only recall the names at the beginning of the roll.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

A)recency
B)primacy
C)ordinal position
D)serial position

Question 63

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it is called:

A)rehearsal.
B)chunking.
C)memorizing.
D)mnemonic storage.

Question 64

Active maintenance of information in short-term memory is referred to as:

A)working memory.
B)sensory storage.
C)active memory.
D)labor storage.

Question 65

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters is known as:

A)rehearsal.
B)visual encoding.
C)elaborative encoding.
D)chunking.

Question 66

Renata can remember the first twenty elements in the periodic table in order but cannot recall the names of the other elements.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

A)recency
B)primacy
C)ordinal position
D)serial position

Question 67

Jason looked up a telephone number on his desktop computer but his cell phone is in another room.The easiest and perhaps MOST effective technique he can use to remember the number until he can get to his phone is:

A)organizational encoding.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)state-dependent retrieval.
D)rehearsal.

Question 68

The serial position effect predicts that,when recalling items in a previously learned list,we are MOST likely to forget the items _____ of the list.

A)at the beginning
B)at the end
C)in the middle and at the end
D)in the middle

Question 69

The _____ memory store holds information for a maximum of 15 to 20 seconds in the absence of rehearsal.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 70

Short-term memory is to working memory as:

A)structure as to dynamic process.
B)sensation is to attending.
C)dynamic process is to place.
D)frontal lobe is to temporal lobe.

Question 71

In the absence of rehearsal,research has shown that information can be held in the short-term memory store for _____ seconds or less.

A)5
B)7
C)10
D)20

Question 72

Waitresses who use organizational encoding to organize orders into groups are essentially:

A)chunking the information.
B)rehearsing the information.
C)utilizing the serial position effect.
D)utilizing state-dependent learning.

Question 73

In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959),participants were given consonant strings to remember-such as DBX and HLM-and then instructed to count backwards from 100 by 3.After a variable amount of time (delay),the participants were asked to recall the consonant strings.Which statement accurately describes the results of the experiment?

A)There was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 20 seconds.
B)A 3-second delay decreased accuracy by almost 80%.
C)A 20-second delay decreased accuracy by over 80%.
D)There was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 7 seconds.

Question 74

Kelly is at a local bar having a drink.A young man starts flirting with her and approaches her.Kelly decides to tell him her number.He repeats the series of digits in his head over and over again until he has a chance to write it down.This process is known as:

A)encoding.
B)retrieval.
C)rehearsal.
D)short-term memory storage.

Question 75

Roger is using rehearsal to remember a telephone number.Each time he repeats the numbers,he is "reentering" the information into his short-term memory,thus adding about _____ to the shelf life.

A)15 to 20 seconds
B)60 seconds
C)20 to 30 minutes
D)1 hour

Question 76

Short-term memory can hold approximately _____ meaningful items.

A)3
B)7
C)12
D)15

Question 77

In recalling Canadian prime ministers,Channing can list the first four prime ministers and the last four prime ministers but cannot remember many of the prime ministers in between.This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

A)recency
B)primacy
C)ordinal position
D)serial position

Question 78

Short-term memory is limited in how long it can hold information and in the _____ information it can hold.

A)type of
B)utility of the
C)complexity of the
D)amount of

Question 79

Short-term memory is to working memory as:

A)function is to structure.
B)sensation is to attending.
C)place is to process.
D)frontal lobe is to temporal lobe.

Question 80

It is helpful that local phone numbers are only seven digits long because seven items is the capacity of _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)iconic
C)short-term
D)long-term