Deck 6: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Iris considers herself a procrastinator,who routinely leaves assignments until the last minute.As finals week approaches,she realizes she has several projects due and will not have time to sleep if she hopes to get them all done.Sleep deprivation is likely to affect her critical thinking skills in that she is likely to perform _______________ than someone who is rested.

A) more poorly
B) better
C) at the same level as
D) We don't know.The effects of sleep deprivation are different from person to person.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Orin is interested in learning how the body knows when it's supposed to sleep.He finds that most of his body's biological rhythms are regulated by the

A) narcoleptic faculty.
B) hypothalamus.
C) suprachiasmatic nuclei.
D) preconscious.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Because we learn to do familiar tasks automatically,we can focus our time and energy on other things.The problem with always relying on automatic processing is that

A) we become automatons.
B) we reduce our chances of finding new or more efficient ways to approach problems.
C) the brain can literally get stuck,leading to mental illness.
D) our circadian rhythms can be affected.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The question of where consciousness or the mind resides has engaged philosophers and scientists for centuries.Modern research suggests that the mind is

A) situated at the base of the skull,behind the cerebellum.
B) an intangible philosophical concept that cannot be studied,like the soul.
C) largely a myth;humans function primarily on a predictable stimulus-response basis.
D) a collection of largely separate but interacting modules.

Question 5

Some people are extremely good at multitasking.They are able to hold a conversation while entering data into a computer,or write a letter while watching television.The ability to attend to and perform more than one activity at once is known as

A) consolidation.
B) suprachiasmatic processing.
C) melatonin.
D) divided attention.

Question 6

Barbara hasn't ridden a bicycle in years,but when she sees a bike with handlebar streamers and playing cards in the spokes on television,she remembers learning to ride her best friend's bike.The childhood memory of learning to ride a bike has moved from Barbara's __________________ to her __________________.

A) unconscious;conscious
B) conscious;preconscious
C) preconscious;conscious
D) unconscious;preconscious

Question 7

Studies show that activity decreases in the prefrontal cortex during REM.Among other things,the prefrontal cortex is responsible for planning and logical thinking.Researchers think this may affect dream content by

A) reducing our ability to process imagined colours.
B) providing us with a temporary sixth sense.
C) allowing dreams to be illogical and bizarre.
D) increasing the release of melatonin.

Question 8

Pietro's professor says that although many animals' behaviours are governed wholly by instinct,human beings have choices about what to do in any given situation.Thanks to evolution,humans have self-awareness,the ability to plan,and an ability to reflect on the possible courses of a given action.These abilities are components of a larger framework we call

A) priming.
B) the preconscious.
C) consciousness.
D) delta.

Question 9

While driving to school,Brandon thinks about his upcoming midterms.Another driver cuts him off,and he immediately focuses on controlling the car.Brandon has switched to

A) automatic processing.
B) controlled processing.
C) subjective consciousness.
D) circadian rhythms.

Question 10

While driving to school,Brandon thinks about his upcoming midterms.When he reaches campus,he realizes that he doesn't remember most of the drive.Because he has been driving for several years,_______________________ allowed him to reach campus safely.

A) confabulation
B) automatic processing
C) subjective consciousness
D) controlled processing

Question 11

During REM sleep,Angela often sleepwalks.If her parents speak to her,she answers,but in the morning she denies any memory of being up.Assuming Angela is really sleepwalking,this is unusual behaviour for the REM stage of sleep,because

A) the brain waves during REM sleep are always slow.
B) normally,sleep paralysis would keep her in her bed.
C) REM shuts down the verbal centers of the brain.
D) REM is not one of the dreaming stages of sleep.

Question 12

Yves always has problems with depression during the winter: He feels sadder than normal and is unusually tired when he gets up for the day.His problems always subside in the spring.His physician suggests that Yves buy a lightbox so he can expose himself to bright artificial light each day.This treatment approach is called

A) phototherapy.
B) the theta approach.
C) Gestalt therapy.
D) cycle therapy.

Question 13

Devondra's older sister can tie her shoelaces without even looking down.Devondra knows that eventually she will be able to do the same thing,but until then she has to use conscious attention and effort;that is,__________________ to tie her shoes.

A) automatic processing,
B) circadian processing,
C) controlled processing,
D) suprachiasmatic processing,

Question 14

Twila has no problems going to sleep at night,but she wakes up often during the night and considerably earlier than she would like to each morning.She does not feel rested when she gets up for the day,and since the problem has existed for weeks,her job performance is being affected.What is Twila's problem?

A) Narcolepsy
B) Insomnia
C) Sleep apnea
D) A REM-sleep behaviour disorder

Question 15

Yves always has problems with depression during the winter: He feels sadder than normal and is unusually tired when he gets up for the day.His problems always subside in the spring.Yves may have

A) seasonal affective disorder.
B) narcolepsy.
C) melatonin depletion.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 16

Orin is interested in learning how the body knows when it's supposed to sleep.He learns that his pineal gland is supposed to secrete a hormone called __________________ to relax his body.

A) melatonin
B) pontine
C) hypnopog
D) apnea

Question 17

Jason lives in New York and is going to California for the first time.He has always preferred to stay up late at night and get up late in the morning.Since he normally goes to bed at three a.m.and California time is three hours earlier than New York's,he thinks he will be on the same sleep schedule as everyone else.However,by the third day Jason finds he isn't sleepy until three a.m.What is responsible for resetting Jason's body clock?

A) Phototherapy
B) Circadian rhythms
C) The pons
D) Wernicke's area

Question 18

Most of the time,Shandra has no problems sleeping soundly.When things get hectic at work,however,she finds that she has trouble falling asleep and feeling rested when she wakes.Because Shandra feels even more tired when she is stressed,she thinks she should be sleeping better;however,we know that

A) stress can decrease sleep quality.
B) people who sleep during the day usually get more rest than those who sleep at night.
C) the human body is unable to manage stress of any kind,so Shandra needs more sleep than she can possibly get in a single day.
D) the stress in our lives has no effect on our sleep.

Question 19

Opiates have a molecular structure that is similar to endorphins,our body's natural pain relievers.When Ahmed takes cold medicine with codeine in hopes of relieving a headache,the codeine stimulates the receptor sites that receive endorphins.Codeine is therefore a/an

A) agonist.
B) antagonist.
C) antipsychotic.
D) amphetamine.

Question 20

Vince prefers to take classes later in the day and feels he is most productive in the afternoon and evening.His friend Francesca prefers to go to bed early and get up early,and she claims to feel more productive in the morning.Vince's and Francesca's preferences may be regulated by biological cycles called

A) circadian rhythms.
B) narcolepsy.
C) activation synthesis.
D) automatic processing.

Question 21

According to dissociation theories of hypnosis,a person under hypnosis actually has two streams of consciousness.One is under the influence of the hypnotist,whereas the other

A) remains fully aware of everything that goes on.
B) provides an internal running commentary on everything the hypnotist says.
C) sleeps for the duration of the hypnosis session.
D) mimics the hypnotist's mannerisms.

Question 22

Zach often goes drinking with friends.Over time,he realizes that he can drink significantly more alcohol than he used to and still not get drunk.His body's decreasing responsiveness to the drug is called

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) homeostasis.
D) myopia.

Question 23

Haroun is skeptical about the idea that hypnosis is a special dissociated state of consciousness.He believes that people are conforming to the expectations of the situation,which leads them to perceive hypnotic experiences as real and involuntary.Haroun believes in which theory?

A) Antidissociative
B) Social cognitive
C) Psychodynamic
D) Hilgard

Question 24

According to dissociation theories of hypnosis,part of a hypnotized person's consciousness runs in the background and monitors behaviour.This part is called the

A) agonist.
B) hidden observer.
C) antagonist.
D) Hilgard.

Question 25

According to many researchers,dreams are caused by random neural activity and therefore have little or no disguised meaning and serve no specific function.Because the brain tries to make sense of this neural activity,we experience dreams.This theory is referred to as the

A) activation-synthesis theory.
B) wish-fulfillment theory.
C) problem-solving theory.
D) latent content theory.

Question 26

More than 40 percent of traffic-related fatalities each year are caused by drunk driving,in part because people who have been drinking have notoriously bad judgment.They tend to focus only on the situation at hand and not on its long-term consequences.This is called

A) delirium tremens.
B) narcolepsy.
C) alcohol myopia.
D) tardive dyskinesia.

Question 27

Leona's friends assure her that marijuana can't hurt her,so she doesn't feel bad about smoking it.Then one day she sees a documentary on television and learns that marijuana

A) can impair reaction time,thinking,memory,learning,and driving skills.
B) smoke contains more cancer-causing agents than does cigarette smoke.
C) users may experience negative changes in mood,sensory distortion,and feelings of panic and anxiety.
D) All of these.

Question 28

Ecstasy works primarily by increasing ____________________ functioning,which leaves users feeling empathetic,warm,and elated.When the drug wears off,the user feels sluggish and depressed due to depletion of this same neurotransmitter.Over time,ecstasy can permanently damage receptor sites.

A) acetylcholine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) GABA

Question 29

Some tribal cultures have relied on hallucinogens to communicate with spirits and ancestors.Which of the following is true?

A) Research suggests that a spirit world probably does exist,but we can't normally see it because of our inhibitions.
B) Hallucinogens distort sensory experiences and blur the boundaries between what's real and what's fantasy.
C) Only tribal people report having religious experiences with hallucinogens.
D) Hallucinogens produce hallucinatory effects only the first few times you take them.

Question 30

Adam suffers from a condition in which he says he is unable to see objects around him;however,he does not bump into objects when he walks through a room containing furniture.He may be suffering from:

A) change blindness
B) shape inconstancy
C) visual blind spots
D) blindsight

Question 31

Patients who are in a vegetative state appear to be awake but show no awareness of their surroundings,and do not respond to sight,sound,or touch.Given the work of researchers at University of Western Ontario,what can you say about people in this state?

A) So far,all attempts to communicate with them have failed
B) They may be able to communicate if you find the right technique
C) Researchers using fMRI has shown them to be completely unresponsive
D) It's important to acknowledge and accept that the person you knew no longer exists

Question 32

Ethan dreams that one of his teachers is giving a test and he has forgotten to study.When he gets to math class the next day,his teacher announces a pop quiz.Ethan wonders if he might be psychic.Which of the following is most likely to be true?

A) Given the statistical probability of a dream and a life event coinciding,some dreams will seem to come true by sheer coincidence.
B) The content of Ethan's dream may have been influenced by ongoing events in his life (e.g. ,knowing his teacher gives pop quizzes,knowing he had math class the next day).
C) The dream and the real experience were not exactly the same,so the idea that Ethan is psychic isn't very accurate.
D) All of these.

Question 33

Naomi witnessed a hit-and-run accident but couldn't give the police any details about the vehicle.Under hypnosis,Naomi is able to provide the make and colour of the car as well as several numbers in the license plate.Unfortunately,this information is inaccessible in court because

A) when hypnotized,the body is in slow-wave sleep.
B) information stored during emotional events is not accessible to hypnotic techniques.
C) hypnosis has not been studied scientifically.
D) the increased suggestibility of hypnosis makes her memory vulnerable to distortion.

Question 34

Daniel is trying to quit smoking,but he has been unsuccessful so far.He decides to try hypnotherapy.During the session,the therapist tells Daniel that he will feel nauseated by the idea of smoking a cigarette the next time he sees one.When Daniel gets in his car to go home,he pulls out his pack of cigarettes and immediately feels queasy.Which of the following is true?

A) Hypnosis is a state of heightened suggestibility that can affect subjective experiences.
B) Hypnosis is not a legitimate therapeutic intervention in psychology.
C) People never remember what went on during a hypnosis session.
D) All of these.

Question 35

Visual agnosia is a condition in which a person

A) is especially good at recognizing faces
B) reports that s/he cannot even see
C) is unable to visually recognize objects at a conscious level
D) reports that s/he can only see objects in black and white

Question 36

Melek's sister has developed schizophrenia.Her psychiatrist explains that positive symptoms,which include hallucinations and delusions,are associated with overactivity of the dopamine system.The psychiatrist prescribes an antipsychotic,which will block the activity of dopamine.This means that the antipsychotic is a/an

A) agonist.
B) antagonist.
C) neuroleptic.
D) amphetamine.