Deck 17: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Psychoanalysts use the primary therapeutic technique of _____________ to increase the ___________ of their clients.

A) insight;interpretations
B) transference;resistance
C) interpretation;insight
D) free association;transference

Answer 1

interpretation;insight

Question 2

When a therapy client responds irrationally to his therapist as if the therapist was an important figure from his past,this is called _________.

A) transference
B) resistance
C) wish fulfillment
D) insight

Answer 2

transference

Question 3

Helping people achieve greater insight,which is an awareness of the underlying dynamics of their problems,is the primary therapeutic goal of ________________________.

A) humanistic therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) behaviour modification
D) psychoanalysis

Answer 3

psychoanalysis

Question 4

A medical doctor who has received specialized training (completed a residency)in the biomedical treatments of mental illness is called a:

A) clinical or counselling psychologist.
B) marriage and family therapist.
C) psychiatrist.
D) substance abuse counsellor.

Question 5

Resistance and transference are similar in that both of these phenomena are ultimately addressed by:

A) countertransference.
B) interpretations.
C) regression.
D) dream analysis.

Question 6

Marianne just completed psychotherapy for depression.In her therapy sessions,Marianne talked with her therapist about her relationship with her husband and the ways in which this relationship is similar to Marianne's relationship with her father.The therapist helped Marianne work on solutions.Marianne's therapy was completed in 17 sessions.From this description,it sounds as though Marianne participated in:

A) psychoanalysis.
B) cognitive-behavioural therapy.
C) interpersonal therapy.
D) Gestalt therapy.

Question 7

Susan has an anxiety disorder and has sought help from a therapist,Dr.Jones.Dr.Jones believes that Susan's anxiety is related to her unconscious fear of her unmet sexual impulses and that in order for Susan to get over her anxiety problem,she needs to have greater awareness of this unconscious dynamic.Dr.Jones is most likely associated with the ______________ approach to therapy and appears to be trying to produce positive changes by fostering more _____________.

A) psychodynamic;transference
B) interpersonal;empathy
C) psychoanalytic;insight
D) humanistic;unconditional positive regard

Question 8

The client-centred approach to therapy was developed by:

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Aaron Beck.
C) Albert Ellis.
D) Carl Rogers.

Question 9

Although all of the following are important components of psychoanalysis,_____________ is considered to be its most important overall therapeutic goal.

A) insight
B) transference
C) free association
D) interpretation

Question 10

An early study showing that most of the therapeutic improvement of clients occurs by the 26^th session of psychotherapy makes a strong argument that:

A) traditional long-term psychoanalysis yields significantly better patient outcomes than brief psychodynamic therapy does.
B) there is little empirical evidence supporting the psychoanalytic concept of resistance.
C) interpretations do not appear to be necessary for psychoanalytic therapy to be effective.
D) brief psychodynamic therapy is a viable and effective alternative to traditional psychoanalysis.

Question 11

Which of the following individuals receives the most training in how to conduct psychotherapy as part of their education?

A) a psychologist with a Ph.D.
B) a marriage and family counsellor
C) a psychiatric social worker
D) pastoral counsellors

Question 12

When a client has feelings of intense love,affection,or dependency for his or her therapist,this is called:

A) positive transference
B) negative transference
C) free association
D) emotional transference

Question 13

For humanistic theorists,disordered behaviour reflects:

A) a blocking of the natural growth process.
B) distorted thinking.
C) inner conflicts and unconscious factors.
D) faulty learning.

Question 14

A person with a Ph.D.or Psy.D.who has received five or more years of intensive training in psychotherapeutic techniques,research,and assessment is called a:

A) clinical or counselling psychologist.
B) marriage and family therapist.
C) psychiatrist.
D) substance abuse counsellor.

Question 15

Although they can be quite different from one another,the basic goal of all therapies is to

A) identify important unconscious factors and change people's personalities for the better.
B) allow for the expression of previously denied or suppressed emotions.
C) put people in touch with their innate tendencies for growth so that they can gain more personal freedom in their lives.
D) change maladaptive patterns of thinking,feeling,and behaving so that people can lead happier lives.

Question 16

In psychoanalytic theory,any statement made by the therapist that is intended to help the client gain insight into their behaviour or dynamics is (a)n ____________________.

A) explanation
B) interpretation
C) clarification
D) insight

Question 17

The two treatment elements that are combined in the management of all psychological disorders are:

A) medications and psychological techniques
B) transference and countertransference
C) the relationship and psychological techniques
D) interpretation and insight

Question 18

A therapist asks her client to begin sharing the various thoughts and feelings that are currently in her awareness,commenting on the changing process of what is appearing in her conscious mind.This therapist is using the therapeutic technique known as:

A) analyzing the transference.
B) free association.
C) random reporting.
D) insight.

Question 19

Dr.Weisel is a psychodynamic psychotherapist.He uses which technique(s)during psychotherapy?

A) systematic desensitization
B) operant conditioning
C) free association
D) role playing

Question 20

An important difference between traditional and brief psychodynamic therapy is that brief psychodynamic therapy:

A) pays significantly less attention to the importance of insight than traditional psychoanalysis does.
B) tends to focus on current life problems whereas traditional psychoanalysis attempts to rebuild the client's personality.
C) relies more heavily on free association than traditional psychoanalysis does.
D) means the therapist is considerably less active than in traditional psychoanalysis.

Question 21

The willingness and ability to view the world through the client's eyes is called:

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) genuineness.
C) empathy.
D) transference.

Question 22

The 'gestalt' in Fritz Perls's humanistic approach refers to:

A) social learning principles that describe how people can learn from modelling and behavioural observation to form "whole" personalities.
B) perceptual principles through which people actively organize stimulus elements into meaningful "whole" patterns.
C) classical conditioning principles that describe how associations between stimuli are learned.
D) operant conditioning principles that describe how associations between behaviours and consequences are learned.

Question 23

The "B" in the ABCD of rational emotive therapy stands for:

A) behaviour.
B) brief therapy.
C) belief system.
D) behavioural inhibition.

Question 24

The "C" in the ABCD of rational emotive therapy stands for:

A) cognitions.
B) challenging self-statements.
C) conditioning.
D) consequences.

Question 25

In Ellis's rational-emotive therapy,the idea that emotions are directly caused by events is challenged.Instead,emotions are attributed to:

A) beliefs.
B) behaviours.
C) unconscious conflicts.
D) learned family patterns.

Question 26

In Albert Ellis's ABCD model of emotional disturbance,the "A" stands for the:

A) antecedent.
B) activating event.
C) automatic thoughts.
D) aversive situation.

Question 27

A major contributor to cognitive therapy for depression is:

A) Carl Rogers.
B) Aaron Beck.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Fritz Perls.

Question 28

In client-centred therapy,genuineness refers to:

A) a therapist's ability to show a client he cares about and accepts him or her.
B) a willingness and ability to view the world through the client's eyes.
C) expression of the client's true feelings toward the therapist.
D) consistency between the ways a therapist feels and behaves.

Question 29

You are in therapy and your therapist asks you to imagine your mother in an empty chair next to you.You are instructed to carry on a conversation in which you play both yourself and your mother.Your therapist is probably a _______ therapist.

A) cognitive-behavioural
B) brief psychodynamic
C) Gestalt
D) client-centred

Question 30

The "D" in the ABCD of rational emotive therapy stands for:

A) dynamic.
B) denial.
C) discovery.
D) disputing.

Question 31

Carl Rogers was convinced that the most important curative agent in psychotherapy is:

A) the development of insight.
B) increased awareness of negative thoughts.
C) the relationship between client and therapist.
D) actualization.

Question 32

Jerry is working with a therapist to get over his feelings of depression.The therapist points out how most of his reactions appear to be produced by thoughts such as,"because she broke up with me,no one will ever love me!" The therapist helps Jerry to identify when this previously automatic thought is present and suggests that he come up with some way of challenging this conclusion.Jerry most likely has a therapist who is using:

A) cognitive therapy.
B) client-centred therapy.
C) interpersonal therapy.
D) rational-emotive therapy.

Question 33

When the empty-chair technique is used,the client:

A) has a conversation with a significant other,playing both sides.
B) imagines what it would be like to lose a significant other.
C) releases his aggression on an empty chair.
D) talks to an empty chair as if it were the therapist.

Question 34

Beck's cognitive therapy has been shown to be effective for the treatment of:

A) mood disorders.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) depression and anxiety.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 35

As part of rational-emotive therapy,patients may be directed to:

A) create a hierarchy of anxiety-producing scenes.
B) expose themselves to feared situations.
C) lie on a couch and report thoughts and feelings that come to mind.
D) place themselves in challenging situations and practice new self-statements.

Question 36

Goldapple et al.(2004)used PET scans to measure change in function of the limbic system and the cortex in patients who were successfully treated with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).They found that,compared with a group of patients treated with paroxetine (Paxil),talking therapy;

A) can alter brain function in much the same way that drug treatments do.
B) did not alter brain function.
C) altered brain function only in the hippocampus.
D) altered brain function differently from the way drug treatments do.

Question 37

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend.Her therapist points out that her thoughts,and not the situation itself,cause her maladaptive emotional reactions such as depression.This information suggests that Luanne's therapist practices _______ therapy.

A) brief psychodynamic
B) Gestalt
C) client-centred
D) Beck's cognitive

Question 38

Although they are usually considered to be quite different,the psychoanalytic and the humanistic approaches to psychotherapy are similar in that:

A) they both assume that childhood events can play an important role in psychological disorders.
B) they both have similar conceptualizations of humans and human nature.
C) they both rely heavily on the use of dreams and interpretations.
D) the humanistic perspective is essentially an extension of basic psychoanalytic principles.

Question 39

A therapist takes a moment to paraphrase what he has just heard his client say in a way that accurately captures the feelings the client was experiencing.In person-centred therapy,this would be considered an example of _____________,and this technique is often used to foster the important therapist characteristic of _____________.

A) an interpretation;unconditional positive regard
B) an interpretation;genuineness
C) reflecting;unconditional positive regard
D) reflecting;empathy

Question 40

Which of the following is somewhat unique in that it is often conducted in a group format,it sometimes incorporates role-playing,and it can be rather confrontational?

A) Client-centred therapy
B) Rational-emotive therapy
C) Gestalt therapy
D) Psychoanalysis

Question 41

The basic goal of aversion therapy is to ___________________ response.

A) increase an anxiety
B) decrease an anxiety
C) increase a depressive
D) decrease a depressive

Question 42

Virtual reality technology would most likely be used in the treatment of which of the following disorders?

A) mood disorders
B) phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder
C) schizophrenia and conversion disorders
D) somatoform disorders

Question 43

Janice has a phobia of dogs and decides to consult with a behaviour therapist in order to get some help.The therapist first teaches her a muscle relaxation technique.After she has learned this,they create a list of increasingly fearful situations involving dogs.Starting with the least feared situation,the therapist has Janice imagine it and then use her relaxation training to eliminate any anxiety that arises.This therapist is using the general technique called ______________,and the list that they have created is an example of _____________.

A) aversive conditioning;a punishment
B) systematic desensitization;a stimulus hierarchy
C) exposure therapy;flooding
D) behaviour modification;a positive reinforcer

Question 44

Treatment for phobias using a classical conditioning approach involves exposure to the _______ in the absence of the _______,while using response prevention.

A) CS;UCS
B) UCS;CS
C) CS;CR
D) CR;UCR

Question 45

From Wolpe's perspective,treatment with systematic desensitization works because anxiety is essentially a(n)_______________ emotional response.

A) classically conditioned
B) operantly conditioned
C) modelled
D) unconscious

Question 46

Exposure therapies operate on the assumption that _____________ is the most direct way to reduce or eliminate a learned anxiety response.

A) classical extinction
B) positive reinforcement
C) operant extinction
D) response cost punishment

Question 47

Systematic desensitization is based largely on the concept of _______________,which refers specifically to the process of learning a response that is incompatible with anxiety.

A) aversive conditioning
B) a stimulus hierarchy
C) counterconditioning
D) response prevention

Question 48

A previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS)is paired with a noxious stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behaviour evoked by the CS in _________________________.

A) avoidance therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) negative exposure therapy
D) aversion therapy

Question 49

The therapist pairs a stimulus that is attractive (but deviant or self-defeating)to the client with a noxious UCS,in an attempt to reduce an unwanted behaviour in ____________________ therapy.

A) reduction
B) conduction
C) aversion
D) elicitation

Question 50

Two key assumptions of this approach to therapy are that psychological disorders are learned in exactly the same way as normal behaviours are and that they can be treated by applying the basic principles of learning.These two assumptions are associated with the _______________ approach to therapy.

A) biological
B) interpersonal
C) humanistic
D) behavioural

Question 51

Compared to exposure therapies,systematic desensitization typically evokes __________ anxiety in the client during treatment and usually takes ___________ time to fully treat someone.

A) less;the same amount of
B) less;more
C) more;less
D) the same amount of;more

Question 52

Gertrude has a fear of dogs.She is receiving therapy in which she must be in the same room with a friendly dog and not retreat.In this therapy,preventing Gertrude from retreating at the sight of a dog is:

A) the UCS.
B) the CS.
C) response prevention.
D) extinction.

Question 53

Part of systematic desensitization is creating a(n)________________,in which 10 to 15 scenes are arranged in roughly equal steps from low-anxiety to high-anxiety.

A) extinction list
B) emotional cross-reference
C) stimulus hierarchy
D) new CS

Question 54

Which therapy treats anxiety symptoms by presenting a feared stimulus (such as a dog or heights)and preventing the target person from avoiding that stimulus? _______________ therapies.

A) Cognitive
B) Aversive
C) Exposure
D) Humanistic

Question 55

Virtual reality involves using ________ to create realistic environments that evoke many of the same reactions that a comparable real-world environment would.

A) computer technology
B) guided imagery
C) movies
D) therapeutic animals

Question 56

Gertrude has a fear of dogs.She is receiving therapy in which she must be in the same room with a friendly dog and not retreat.In this therapy,the dog is:

A) the UCS.
B) the CS.
C) response prevention.
D) extinction.

Question 57

If a therapist treated child molesters by shocking them while they viewed slides of children,the therapist would be using:

A) extinction.
B) exposure.
C) aversion therapy.
D) cognitive therapy.

Question 58

Research suggests that aversion therapy:

A) works very well.
B) works best when combined with psychodynamic therapy.
C) has not generalized well from the treatment setting to the real world.
D) works best when combined with client-centred therapy.

Question 59

The first step in systematic desensitization is:

A) presenting the CS.
B) finding the right dosage for the drug.
C) dream analysis.
D) teaching voluntary muscle relaxation.

Question 60

Injecting alcoholics with a drug that makes the ingestion of alcohol cause nausea is an example of:

A) aversion therapy.
B) extinction.
C) exposure.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 61

Which of the following individuals made a major criticism of therapy in the 1950s by showing that people recovered from psychological problems as well without treatment as they did when seeing a psychotherapist?

A) Albert Ellis
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Fritz Perls
D) Aaron Beck

Question 62

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)teaches clients to:

A) challenge and overcome irrational thinking
B) develop their own behavioural modification plans
C) notice,accept,and embrace their thoughts and feelings
D) increase their self-efficacy in social situations

Question 63

Jill's therapist models for her effective ways to interact with her father without getting angry.They role-play through a situation and the therapist provides guidance about how to phrase statements that are effective but not hostile.The goal of this therapy is probably:

A) psychoanalytic discovery.
B) token economy.
C) exposure.
D) social skills training.

Question 64

Which of the following is a key reason why social skills training works? Increased:

A) energy in social situations
B) caution in social situations
C) self-efficacy in social situations
D) social support

Question 65

Research conducted with ________________ has revealed that punishment is an effective way to modify abnormal self-destructive behaviour associated with this disorder.

A) people suffering from extreme depression
B) social phobics
C) schizophrenics
D) self-injurious autistic children

Question 66

According to the text,the question,"Which types of therapy,administered by which kinds of therapists,to which kinds of clients,having which kinds of problems,produce which kinds of effects?" is known as the _____________ question.

A) eclecticism
B) precision
C) specificity
D) accuracy

Question 67

Dr.Roth is working in a clinic with mentally retarded children and decides to implement a new program to encourage more positive behaviours.Whenever children engage in specific behaviours (such as saying,"Thank you," taking turns with a friend,and cooperating with another child on a project),they are rewarded with poker chips that can later be turned in for various prizes that they enjoy.Dr.Roth is using which of the following therapeutic techniques?

A) a token economy
B) higher order classical conditioning
C) exposure therapy
D) negative reinforcement

Question 68

Better answers to the specificity question are important for:

A) basic research.
B) philosophical reasons.
C) human suffering and economic reasons.
D) academic and educational reasons.

Question 69

Dr.Jefferson wants to assess whether psychodynamically oriented therapists can increase positive emotions among patients with depression.The details of this topic reflect the current interest in the ______________ question.

A) psychopathology
B) therapy
C) complexity
D) specificity

Question 70

Token economy is to systematic desensitization as:

A) negative reinforcement is to positive reinforcement.
B) operant conditioning is to classical conditioning.
C) exposure therapy is to aversion therapy.
D) conditioned stimulus is to unconditioned stimulus.

Question 71

Token economies are often used in _______________ and they attempt to modify behaviour by using _______________.

A) exposure therapy;negative reinforcement
B) systematic desensitization;relaxation training
C) aversion therapy;punishment
D) behaviour modification;positive reinforcement

Question 72

"Third wave" cognitive-behavioural approaches incorporate mindfulness as a central objective of behaviour change,and include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) acceptance and commitment therapy
B) dialectical behaviour therapy
C) aversive conditioning
D) mindfulness based relapse prevention

Question 73

Early research in effectiveness of psychotherapy most often utilized the ____________ methodology.

A) survey
B) experimental
C) case study
D) historical archive

Question 74

Which of the following would be considered the LEAST favoured way of modifying behaviour because of the potential negative side effects?

A) positive reinforcement
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 75

According to Stanley Sue and Nolan Zane (1987),the biggest cultural barrier to therapy for ethnic minorities is:

A) cultural norms that are against turning to people outside one's culture for help.
B) poverty that prevents ethnic minorities from having health insurance or being able to afford therapy.
C) mental health service centres that are located outside of the areas where underserved people live.
D) the lack of culturally competent therapists.

Question 76

"Third wave" cognitive-behavioural approaches build on the cognitive behavioural approach with the addition of:

A) humanistic concepts and Eastern methods
B) psychodynamic principles
C) behavioural modification
D) social-cultural methods

Question 77

Dialectical behaviour therapy is a "package" of elements from cognitive,behavioural,humanistic,and psychodynamic therapies and was developed specifically for the treatment of:

A) schizophrenia
B) narcissistic personality disorder
C) mood disorders
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 78

North American research studies indicate that psychological disorders are __________ prevalent in minority populations,but that mental health services are utilized ____________ by people in these different ethnic groups.

A) more;more
B) no more;less
C) less;more
D) more;less

Question 79

Questions such as "Are there other less-aversive options available?" and "How damaging is the specific behaviour to the individual and/or society?" are most relevant to the use of which of the following treatments of abnormal behaviour?

A) exposure therapy
B) aversion therapy
C) punishment
D) token economies

Question 80

According to the text,psychotherapy outcome measures can differ along which two dimensions,the _____________________ and the ________________________?

A) source of the data;self-relatedness of the measure
B) self-relatedness of the measure;outcome variable assessed
C) source of the data;outcome variable assessed
D) outcome variable assessed;effectiveness of the measure