Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by

A)Karen Horney.
B)Carl Jung.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Alfred Adler.

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud.

Question 2

Jonah's parents reminded him that on his first day in kindergarten he wet himself and the entire class laughed at him.Jonah says he has no memory of the event.According to psychoanalysis,Jonah's memory of this event was repressed into his

A)unconscious.
B)superego.
C)ego.
D)id.

Answer 2

unconscious.

Question 3

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms

A)resulted from the physical abuse they had received from their parents during childhood.
B)reflected a loss of individuality.
C)illustrated a collective unconscious.
D)made no neurological sense.

Answer 3

made no neurological sense.

Question 4

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

A)persons and situations.
B)repression and fixation.
C)conscious and unconscious mental processes.
D)the inferiority complex and the collective unconscious.

Question 5

Free association is central to

A)personality development.
B)reaction formation.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)projective testing.

Question 6

Which contemporary theoretical approach is most directly descended from Freud's psychoanalysis?

A)trait theories
B)psychodynamic theories
C)social-cognitive theories
D)humanistic theories

Question 7

Which theories of personality view human behavior as a lively (dynamic)interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind,involving related motives and conflicts?

A)humanistic
B)psychodynamic
C)social-cognitive
D)trait

Question 8

Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone.Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts.The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive

A)fixation.
B)personality.
C)Electra complex.
D)collective unconscious.

Question 9

Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind even if they are trivial or embarrassing is characteristic of

A)defense mechanisms.
B)schemas.
C)free association.
D)the inferiority complex.

Question 10

According to Freud,the ________ is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts,wishes,feelings,and memories of which we are unaware.

A)self-concept
B)ego
C)unconscious mind
D)superego

Question 11

According to Freud,the unconscious is

A)the part of personality that cannot process information.
B)the thoughts,wishes,feelings,and memories of which we are largely unaware.
C)a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.
D)a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that do not affect behavior.

Question 12

Freud believed that ________ are the "royal road to the unconscious."

A)projective tests
B)dreams
C)erogenous zones
D)psychosexual stages

Question 13

A therapist thinks that Jordan would be much less agitated and ineffective at work if he could recognize his own conflicting feelings of respect for and irritation toward his workplace supervisor.The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

A)trait
B)humanistic
C)psychodynamic
D)social-cognitive

Question 14

By professional training,Freud was a

A)philosopher.
B)sociologist.
C)physician.
D)literary scholar.

Question 15

Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories.This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from

A)genetic defects.
B)an inferiority complex.
C)mental processes.
D)the collective unconscious.

Question 16

Leah cannot remember the abuse she experienced while in foster care when she was 5 and 6 years old.According to her psychoanalyst,Leah has ________ these memories into her ________.

A)projected;conscious mind
B)repressed;unconscious mind
C)displaced;unconscious mind
D)fixated;conscious mind

Question 17

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking,feeling,and acting is his or her

A)self-esteem.
B)personality.
C)reality principle.
D)defense mechanism.

Question 18

Prior to his use of free association,Freud unsuccessfully tried to make use of

A)hypnosis.
B)projective tests.
C)psychoactive drugs.
D)fixation.

Question 19

Forgotten memories were said by Freud to be repressed into

A)the conscious mind.
B)the id.
C)the superego.
D)the unconscious.

Question 20

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax,close his eyes,and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind,no matter how trivial or absurd.The therapist is using a technique known as

A)fixation.
B)free association.
C)projection.
D)hypnosis.

Question 21

Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control.Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development.

A)phallic
B)anal
C)latency
D)oral

Question 22

Chantae cannot recall events surrounding the day her father died.In terms of Freud's theory of personality,Chantae's memories are stored at the ________ level of awareness.

A)collective unconscious
B)unconscious
C)conscious
D)implicit

Question 23

Which of the following represents the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital
B)oral,anal,genital,latency,phallic
C)anal,oral,latency,phallic,genital
D)oral,genital,anal,latency,phallic

Question 24

Six-year-old Marcel sees that his mother just baked some cookies.His immediate thought is to sneak a cookie before dinner,which is against his mother's wishes.Instead,he asks if he can have just one cookie.According to Freud,the desire for the cookie and the thoughts of sneaking a cookie come from the ________ seeking to satisfy the ________ principle.

A)id;pleasure principle
B)ego;pleasure principle
C)id;reality principle
D)ego;reality principle

Question 25

According to psychoanalytic theory,the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)erogenous zone.

Question 26

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

A)schema
B)false consensus
C)identity
D)pleasure

Question 27

According to Freud,the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the

A)Oedipus complex.
B)ego.
C)id.
D)superego.

Question 28

Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video.Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's

A)ego.
B)id.
C)superego.
D)inferiority complex.

Question 29

According to Freud,repressed feelings and ideas seep out in

A)people's work and daily habits.
B)slips of the tongue and pen.
C)people's dreams.
D)all of these ways.

Question 30

As a result of his impulsiveness,David has had several run-ins with teachers and law enforcement.According to Freud,David's ________ is being overwhelmed by the desires of the ________.

A)id;superego
B)ego;id
C)id;ego
D)collective unconscious;unconscious

Question 31

Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his dislike for some of his wife's habits.According to Freud,Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.

A)collective unconscious
B)superego
C)Oedipus complex
D)ego

Question 32

No matter how long and hard Lerae studies,she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have.A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a

A)weak id.
B)weak ego.
C)strong id.
D)strong superego.

Question 33

Armand's parents won't let him go to a friend's party because of the lack of parental supervision.Armand decides to sneak out of the house to attend the party.After climbing out of his bedroom window he feels extremely guilty and returns to his room.According to Freud,the feelings of guilt come from his

A)id.
B)ego.
C)self-concept.
D)superego.

Question 34

Freud referred to the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality as the

A)Oedipus complex.
B)superego.
C)ego.
D)id.

Question 35

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather,he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car.He decided,instead,to deposit most of the money into a savings account for his college education and use some to fix his father's old car.Hafez shows signs of a

A)weak superego.
B)weak id.
C)strong collective unconscious.
D)strong ego.

Question 36

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.

A)unconscious;conscious
B)biology;morality
C)reality principle;pleasure principle
D)regression;repression

Question 37

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate,he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum.Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

A)superego.
B)ego.
C)id.
D)Oedipus complex.

Question 38

According to Freud,the component of personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of the id,superego,and reality is the

A)collective unconscious.
B)Oedipus complex.
C)erogenous zone.
D)ego.

Question 39

Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as

A)psychosexual stages.
B)archetypes.
C)erogenous zones.
D)Oedipus complexes.

Question 40

According to Freud,the need to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive desires comes from the ________,which operates on the ________.

A)ego;pleasure principle
B)superego;Oedipus complex
C)id;pleasure principle
D)ego;reality principle

Question 41

Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as

A)projection.
B)a fixation.
C)displacement.
D)repression.

Question 42

Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for strengthening

A)the Oedipus complex.
B)free association.
C)the superego.
D)erogenous zones.

Question 43

The theory that would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity was proposed by

A)Carl Jung.
B)Alfred Adler.
C)Karen Horney.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 44

Gender identity refers to

A)our biological sex.
B)the sense of being male,female,or some combination of the two.
C)the set of socially expected behaviors for males and females.
D)internalized ideals for appropriate sexual behavior.

Question 45

Freud suggested that a boy's identification with his father during the phallic stage illustrates

A)latency development.
B)the benefits of immediate gratification.
C)free association.
D)the process of conflict resolution.

Question 46

Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits.Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.

A)oral
B)latency
C)phallic
D)anal

Question 47

One night after he heard his parents arguing,4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake.A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n)

A)oral fixation.
B)reaction formation.
C)projective test.
D)Oedipus complex.

Question 48

According to Freud,boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.

A)anal
B)phallic
C)oral
D)latency

Question 49

According to Freud,defense mechanisms are used by the

A)id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego.
B)ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
C)superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives.
D)id,ego,and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts.

Question 50

According to Freud,repression is the

A)process of storing new information in the preconscious mind.
B)process of banishing from the conscious mind memories,thoughts,and feelings that produce anxiety.
C)lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage of development.
D)use of hypnosis to uncover unconscious,painful memories and replace them with more pleasant memories.

Question 51

The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe

A)the erogenous zones that are the focus of the latency stage.
B)the passive dependence of someone who is orally fixated.
C)children's efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority.
D)boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother.

Question 52

Arjean eats way too much in her efforts to reduce her anxiety.Freud would have suggested that Arjean demonstrates

A)a fixation.
B)free association.
C)reaction formation.
D)collective unconscious.

Question 53

Ten-year-old Jamie enjoys spending time with her girlfriends and learning in school.According to Freud,Jamie,who is no longer coping with unconscious sexual feelings,is probably in the ________ stage of development.

A)phallic
B)anal
C)latency
D)oral

Question 54

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete

A)fixation.
B)displacement.
C)rationalization.
D)repression.

Question 55

In the ________ stage of development,sexual interests mature.

A)phallic
B)anal
C)genital
D)latency

Question 56

Repression refers to the defense mechanism by which people

A)offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but threatening unconscious reasons for action.
B)retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development.
C)disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
D)banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness.

Question 57

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from

A)anxiety.
B)an inferiority complex.
C)the collective unconscious.
D)erogenous zones.

Question 58

Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage.These feelings,they thought,reflected

A)reaction formation.
B)an Electra complex.
C)projection.
D)a weak superego.

Question 59

According to Freud,identification involves

A)disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
B)switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
C)refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.
D)the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

Question 60

When she was 4 years old,Inge was sexually abused by her uncle.At 14,Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way.A psychoanalyst would most likely suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of

A)repression.
B)rationalization.
C)regression.
D)displacement.

Question 61

Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of

A)projection.
B)displacement.
C)regression.
D)reaction formation.

Question 62

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real,unconscious reasons for actions is

A)projection.
B)denial.
C)rationalization.
D)displacement.

Question 63

Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?

A)Carl Jung
B)Alfred Adler
C)Karen Horney
D)Hermann Rorschach

Question 64

Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of

A)projection.
B)regression.
C)rationalization.
D)reaction formation.

Question 65

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile.In fact,Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school.According to psychoanalytic theory,Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a

A)regression.
B)projection.
C)denial.
D)reaction formation.

Question 66

Which personality theorist would have suggested that many ideas about good and evil that are shared across many different cultures are expressions of universally experienced archetypes?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Karen Horney
C)Carl Jung
D)Alfred Adler

Question 67

Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who proposed the concept of

A)an oral fixation.
B)identification.
C)an inferiority complex.
D)penis envy.

Question 68

Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species' history as the

A)false consensus effect.
B)pleasure principle.
C)collective unconscious.
D)erogenous zone.

Question 69

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people

A)disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
B)consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
C)retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development.
D)offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action.

Question 70

While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce,he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades.A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of

A)reaction formation.
B)displacement.
C)projection.
D)regression.

Question 71

Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to

A)regression.
B)an inferiority complex.
C)reciprocal determinism.
D)free association.

Question 72

The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called

A)projection.
B)displacement.
C)fixation.
D)reaction formation.

Question 73

Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of

A)the unconscious dynamics underlying behavior.
B)childhood sexual instincts.
C)anxiety and defense mechanisms.
D)distinguishing between id,ego,and superego.

Question 74

Carl Jung believed that the collective unconscious contains ________ derived from our species' universal experiences.

A)archetypes
B)free associations
C)defense mechanisms
D)erogenous zones

Question 75

Karen Horney,a prominent neo-Freudian,believed that Freud's theory

A)showed a masculine bias.
B)discounted strong unconscious,aggressive desires.
C)discounted the importance of dreams.
D)disputed that women never experience a phallic stage of development.

Question 76

Refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as

A)regression.
B)denial.
C)displacement.
D)projection.

Question 77

Toni's therapist tells her that the anxiety she is experiencing in social and romantic situations comes from her unfulfilled childhood desire for love and security because her mother abandoned her when she was 5 years old.Toni's therapist's statement reflects the views of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Alfred Adler.
C)Karen Horney.
D)Carl Jung.

Question 78

Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year.However,he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born.Timmy's behavior best illustrates

A)reaction formation.
B)projection.
C)regression.
D)denial.

Question 79

A refusal to believe direct and highly credible evidence that your spouse or partner is suffering from a terminal illness best illustrates

A)denial.
B)displacement.
C)fixation.
D)projection.

Question 80

Regression is a defense mechanism that involves

A)consciously expressing feelings that are the opposite of underlying unconscious impulses.
B)disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
C)retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage.
D)shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward less-threatening targets.