Deck 10: Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Question 1

The outgroup homogeneity effect is the tendency to:

A) dislike members of an outgroup.
B) hold both positive and negative attitudes toward members on an outgroup.
C) view individuals in outgroups as more similar to each other than they really are.
D) view individuals in outgroups as more distinct from each other than they really are.

Answer 1

view individuals in outgroups as more similar to each other than they really are.

Question 2

System justification theory proposes that stereotypes help:

A) justify the status quo.
B) increase self-esteem.
C) reduce concerns about mortality.
D) reduce uncertainty.

Answer 2

justify the status quo.

Question 3

According to intergroup anxiety theory, intergroup prejudice leads people to experience anxiety when they think of or interact with:

A) members of an ingroup.
B) people who are prejudiced.
C) members of an outgroup.
D) people who are not prejudiced.

Answer 3

members of an outgroup.

Question 4

When people believe that members of another group are less emotionally complex, these people are engaging in ________.

A) dehumanization
B) system justification
C) objectification
D) infrahumanization

Question 5

_______________________ proposes that some stereotypes may be based on actual differences in the average traits or behaviors associated with two or more groups.

A) Terror management theory
B) The theory of symbolic racism
C) The kernel of truth hypothesis
D) System justification theory

Question 6

Terror management theory proposes that prejudice against different groups results from:

A) uncertainty.
B) concerns about mortality.
C) intergroup anxiety.
D) competition over scarce resources.

Question 7

Vince grows tired of hearing women talk about how they are paid less than men. He thinks women get paid less because they are less competent. This is an example of ________.

A) dehumanization
B) hostile sexism
C) ambivalent sexism
D) benevolent sexism

Question 8

Mike does not want his wife to watch a particularly violent movie because he believes women are too pure for that kind of material. This is an example of ________.

A) dehumanization
B) hostile sexism
C) ambivalent sexism
D) benevolent sexism

Question 9

The belief that African Americans are naturally athletic is ________.

A) a stereotype
B) discrimination
C) prejudice
D) ethnocentrism

Question 10

Prejudice is defined as:

A) a negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of that person's presumed membership in a particular group.
B) a negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of race.
C) the emotions associated with negative attitudes towards members of different groups.
D) an overgeneralized belief about members of a particular group.

Question 11

Groups often have negative feelings about one another because they are fighting over resources such as water and resource-rich land. Which of the following theories best explains this type of intergroup conflict?

A) stereotype threat theory
B) realistic group conflict theory
C) intergroup anxiety theory
D) terror management theory

Question 12

Sexual objectification is the tendency to:

A) desire women sexually.
B) think about women in a narrow way as objects, rather than full humans.
C) believe that most women want to be homemakers.
D) hold hostile attitudes toward women.

Question 13

Drug addicts as a group tend to be perceived as:

A) high in warmth and low in competence.
B) low in warmth and high in competence.
C) low in warmth and low in competence.
D) high in warmth and high in competence.

Question 14

When people behave in a negative way because of prejudice or stereotypes they have engaged in ________.

A) prejudice
B) stereotype activation
C) discrimination
D) sexual objectification

Question 15

Scapegoating is when:

A) people who feel inferior, guilty, anxious, or unsuccessful blame an outgroup for their troubles.
B) members of one group become apathetic toward members of another group.
C) people take responsibility for their own failures.
D) people attribute outgroup success to luck or hard work.

Question 16

Implicit prejudice results when:

A) people consciously hold negative attitudes associated with an outgroup.
B) people unconsciously hold negative attitudes associated with an outgroup.
C) conscious attitudes are activated.
D) members of one group discriminate against members of another group.

Question 17

According to realistic group conflict theory, negative feelings between groups are often based on:

A) underlying concerns about mortality.
B) accessible stereotypes.
C) competition regarding scarce resources.
D) past bad experiences with members of different groups.

Question 18

According to social identity theory, ______________ plays a causal role in ingroup bias.

A) evolutionary processes
B) self-esteem
C) the fear of death
D) a system justification motive

Question 19

Media advertisements that showcase African Americans using characteristics associated with animals are examples of ________.

A) dehumanization
B) ingroup bias
C) stereotype threat
D) system justification

Question 20

Having negative attitudes about racial category considerations for college admissions may reflect:

A) ethnocentrism.
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) sexual objectification.
D) symbolic racism.

Question 21

What is the ultimate attribution error? Give one example of the ultimate attribution error.

Question 22

Describe the implicit association test (IAT). Why is the implicit association test (IAT) considered an implicit measure?

Question 23

Describe the kernel of truth hypothesis. Give one example of how the kernel of truth is used toward an outgroup.

Question 24

What is dehumanization? Give one example of use of dehumanization in history.

Question 25

According to objectification theory, what is problematic about the perpetual portrayal of women as sexual objects in the media?

Question 26

How does intergroup anxiety theory extend the ideas of realistic group conflict theory? Include one example in your explanation.

Question 27

Describe the two types of beliefs that make up ambivalent sexism. Give two examples of ambivalent sexism.

Question 28

Describe the main proposal of intergroup anxiety theory. Include one example in your discussion.

Question 29

How do self-esteem threats impact prejudice? Include one example of how this might happen.

Question 30

How does implicit prejudice differ from explicit prejudice? Explain one method of measuring implicit racism.

Question 31

Describe the main proposal of realistic group conflict theory. Include one example in your discussion.

Question 32

What is institutional discrimination? Give an example of institutional discrimination in practice.

Question 33

Explain how illusory correlations influence stereotypes.

Question 34

Define symbolic racism. Discuss how someone might exhibit signs of symbolic racism.

Question 35

Define ambivalent racism. Describe the two sets of values that contribute to ambivalent racism.

Question 36

Describe the difference between prejudice and discrimination. Give one example of each.

Question 37

Define aversive racism. When are people most likely to fall prey to aversive racism?

Question 38

How might the shooter bias influence a police officer's decision to shoot or not shoot at a potential criminal threat?

Question 39

Describe the two dimensions proposed by the stereotype content model.

Question 40

Describe the concept of ethnocentrism and how it can impact views of people from other cultures. Include a modern day example ethnocentrism and how it has produced prejudice.

Question 41

A negative behavior toward an individual solely on the basis of that person's membership in a particular group is:

A) discrimination.
B) a stereotype.
C) prejudice.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 42

______________________ is an overgeneralized belief about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group.

A) Discrimination
B) A stereotype
C) Prejudice
D) Ethnocentrism

Question 43

A stereotype is:

A) behavior that discriminates against a particular group.
B) an emotion about members of a group.
C) an implicit attitude about members of a racial group.
D) an overgeneralized belief about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group.

Question 44

Which of the following theories proposes that the motive for self-esteem plays a causal role in ingroup bias?

A) stereotype threat theory
B) intergroup anxiety theory
C) social identity theory
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 45

______________________ is viewing the world through our own cultural value system and thereby judging actions and people based on our own culture's views of right and wrong and good and bad.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Stereotype threat
C) Ingroup bias
D) Discrimination

Question 46

Which of the following theories proposes that negative feelings between groups are often based on a real conflict or competition regarding scarce resources?

A) stereotype threat theory
B) realistic group conflict theory
C) intergroup anxiety theory
D) terror management theory

Question 47

Which of the following theories asserts that anxiety associated with interacting with or thinking about an outgroup fuels prejudice because these negative feelings become associated with outgroup members?

A) terror management theory
B) intergroup anxiety theory
C) social identity theory
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 48

______________________ is when people who feel inferior, guilty, anxious, or unsuccessful blame an outgroup for their troubles.

A) Prejudice
B) Stereotype threat
C) Ingroup bias
D) Scapegoating

Question 49

_________________ is often justified by _______________.

A) A stereotype; discrimination
B) Prejudice; discrimination
C) Prejudice; stereotypes
D) A stereotype; by prejudice

Question 50

___________________ is the theory that proposes that intergroup prejudice leads individuals to experience anxiety when they think of or interact with members of an outgroup.

A) Stereotype threat theory
B) Realistic group conflict theory
C) Intergroup anxiety theory
D) Terror management theory

Question 51

________________ is a negative attitude about a member of a group and ________________ is behavior toward a member of that group that usually results from the negative attitude.

A) Discrimination; prejudice
B) A stereotype; prejudice
C) Prejudice; a stereotype
D) Prejudice; discrimination

Question 52

The psychologist Gordon Allport argued that:

A) people feel hostility when they are frustrated or threatened.
B) stereotypes rarely result in discrimination.
C) prejudice is motivated by mortality concerns.
D) prejudice is rare.

Question 53

Jack recently lost his job and he is growing increasingly hostile towards immigrants moving to the United States to look for work because he thinks they are taking jobs from him. Jack's feelings are best explained by:

A) terror management theory.
B) intergroup anxiety theory.
C) stereotype threat theory.
D) realistic group conflict theory.

Question 54

Research found that when undecided White voters were reminded of their race, they were:

A) more likely to vote for the African American Democratic candidate, Barack Obama.
B) less likely to vote for the African American Democratic candidate, Barack Obama.
C) more likely to believe negative reports about the African American Democratic candidate, Barack Obama.
D) more likely to believe positive reports about the African American Democratic candidate, Barack Obama.

Question 55

__________________________ is a tendency to express negative biases against African American-not at the group directly, but at social policies seen as benefiting that group.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Stereotype threat
C) Ingroup bias
D) Symbolic racism

Question 56

The belief that Asian people are good at math is:

A) a stereotype.
B) discrimination.
C) prejudice.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 57

Research has found that when thoughts of disease are made salient:

A) people become more inclusive toward other groups.
B) people become particularly negative toward ethnically different others.
C) people become empathetic towards ethnically different others.
D) people seek to disidentify with their own group.

Question 58

James does not vote for female political candidates because he thinks women are not mentally strong enough to be leaders in government. James' behavior is an example of:

A) a stereotype.
B) discrimination.
C) prejudice.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 59

Which of the following theories best explains why dominant groups react with hostility toward groups of immigrants when the economy is struggling?

A) stereotype threat theory
B) realistic group conflict theory
C) intergroup anxiety theory
D) terror management theory

Question 60

A negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of that person's presumed membership in a particular group is:

A) discrimination.
B) a stereotype.
C) prejudice.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 61

Just because someone reports honestly that they hold positive attitudes toward Blacks does not mean that they are not high in ______.

A) stereotype threat
B) institutional discrimination
C) explicit prejudice
D) implicit prejudice

Question 62

People who exhibit signs of symbolic racism:

A) know they are prejudiced but don't care.
B) know they are prejudiced but want to change.
C) do not think they are prejudiced.
D) believe that prejudice is acceptable.

Question 63

__________________ is unfair restrictions on opportunities for certain groups of people through institutional policies, structural power relations, and formal laws.

A) Institutional discrimination
B) Stereotype threat
C) Ingroup bias
D) Symbolic racism

Question 64

Imagine a law that required people to have a college degree to vote in federal elections. Such a law would be an example of:

A) stereotype threat.
B) ingroup bias.
C) institutional discrimination.
D) implicit bias.

Question 65

Recent surveys find that the majority of African Americans:

A) believe prejudice is a problem of the past.
B) believe that their group still experiences discrimination.
C) have never experienced any form of discrimination.
D) believe that prejudice will go away if people simply ignore it.

Question 66

Data showing that women tend to get paid less than men may provide evidence for _________.

A) symbolic racism
B) institutional discrimination
C) ethnocentrism
D) modern racism

Question 67

According to ____________ prejudice can result from people's concerns about mortality.

A) terror management theory
B) the theory of symbolic racism
C) social identity theory
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 68

Research indicates that when Whites are primed with the Protestant work ethic they:

A) reported stronger anti-Black attitudes.
B) reported stronger pro-Black attitudes.
C) became better at identifying racism.
D) became angrier at those who expressed racist attitudes.

Question 69

Research showing that Whites are less likely to help motorists in need if they are black and there are others available to help provides support for the idea of ______.

A) institutional discrimination
B) stereotype threat
C) aversive racism
D) symbolic racism

Question 70

Research suggests that Whites show a cardiovascular response associated with threat when they are paired to work with a Black partner. Such research provides evidence for ______.

A) implicit prejudice
B) institutional discrimination
C) stereotype threat
D) individualism

Question 71

The IAT assesses ______.

A) institutional discrimination
B) stereotype threat
C) explicit attitudes
D) implicit associations

Question 72

Egalitarianism is the idea that:

A) all people should be given equal opportunities.
B) people should share common resources.
C) each person should be able to make it on her or his own.
D) people cannot be trusted to do what is best for the collective.

Question 73

Individualism is the idea that:

A) each person should help others in need.
B) each person should be able to make it on her or his own.
C) the government should help people.
D) individuals are distinct and do not belong to groups.

Question 74

Which of the following theories has been particularly useful in showing how prejudice is characteristically represented in diverging political opinions?

A) stereotype threat theory
B) the theory of symbolic racism
C) social identity theory
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 75

Many Whites hold both pro- and anti-Black attitudes because of ______.

A) ethnocentrism
B) stereotype threat
C) ambivalent racism
D) ingroup bias

Question 76

Studies indicate that when people are reminded of their mortality they:

A) go to great lengths to show compassion to all human beings.
B) become more positive toward others who support their worldview.
C) become more negative toward others who support their worldview.
D) are motivated to reduce their level of prejudice.

Question 77

____________________ is conflicting, often nonconscious, negative feelings about African Americans that Americans may have, even though most do in fact support principles of racial equality and do not knowingly discriminate.

A) Institutional discrimination
B) Stereotype threat
C) Aversive racism
D) Symbolic racism

Question 78

Polls suggest that the majority of Americans now:

A) are opposed to interracial marriage.
B) would not vote for a female presidential candidate.
C) are not opposed to interracial marriage.
D) would not vote for a Mexican American presidential candidate.

Question 79

When people hold negative attitudes associated with an outgroup that are outside of their conscious awareness or control, they are exhibiting ______.

A) implicit prejudice
B) institutional discrimination
C) stereotype threat
D) individualism

Question 80

_____________ is the influence on White Americans' racial attitudes by two clashing sets of values: a belief in individualism and a belief in egalitarianism.

A) Institutional discrimination
B) Stereotype threat
C) Ambivalent racism
D) Symbolic racism