Deck 22: Social Change and the Environment

Question 1

The donation of medicine and food by the Most Industrialized Nations to the Least Industrialized Nations has upset the demographic transition and the balance between family and property.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Cultural lag was a term coined by William Ogburn to refer to a situation in which some parts of a culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than other parts.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Today's global divisions actually began to erupt in the early 1800s with the advancements made by the industrial revolution.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The U.S. government's special command unit, AFRICOM, currently utilized to help secure our dominance over an oil-rich Africa as a rapid response military force, was originally designed to specialize in humanitarian missions such as brining medical assistance to Africa.

Question 5

The competition between the Most Industrialized Nations' push for continued economic growth and the Industrializing Nations' efforts to catch up and develop their economies is having a disastrous impact on the global environment.

Question 6

Marx believed that workers and owners of the means of production would eventually join forces to establish a socialist economy.

Question 7

Central to all evolutionary theories of social change, whether they are unilinear or multilinear, is the assumption of cultural progress.

Question 8

Discovery will always bring extensive change to a society because it introduces new technology and cultural progress.

Question 9

Changes in social organizations, ideologies, conspicuous consumption, and social relationships are attributed to technology.

Question 10

An invention is defined as a new way of seeing some aspect of the world that has always existed.

Question 11

The Global Information Grid is a technological advance in education to connect virtually every university in the world to the World Wide Web.

Question 12

Based on the text, there is no energy shortage forthcoming due to boundless energy provided by the sun and the tides.

Question 13

Western culture is now in crisis and is no longer regarded as the apex of civilization.

Question 14

The triadic division of the globe, known as the New World Order, is composed of nations with the greatest nuclear capability.

Question 15

The automobile can be blamed in part for the transformation of courtship, sexuality, and gender relations from a traditional interpretation to the present view that embraces equality and liberation.

Question 16

According to Karl Marx, capitalism was responsible for the masses moving from the country to the city.

Question 17

"Night riders" are members of the capitalist class engaged in transporting finished products, produce, and other goods from city to city, usually at night.

Question 18

Democracy, citizenship, and capitalism all qualify as being social inventions.

Question 19

Alienation refers to societies that have not embraced modernization and are a threat to capitalism.

Question 20

Technology is the driving force behind social change.

Question 21

The shift from traditional societies into industrial societies is called ________.

A) positivism
B) postmodernism
C) modernization
D) contemporization

Question 22

The addition of which nation transformed the Group of 7 into the Group of 8?

A) France
B) China
C) Iceland
D) Russia

Question 23

In the realignment of the world's powers after World War II, the center of the European component of the realignment became ________.

A) Germany
B) Great Britain
C) France
D) the Soviet Union

Question 24

Based on the classic Marxist view, what is the new arrangement of power that develops when the previous position is altered due to its inherent contradictions?

A) the thesis
B) the antithesis
C) the metamorphosis
D) the synthesis

Question 25

When the Group of 8 becomes the Group of 9, who will be the ninth member of this powerful international organization?

A) Mexico
B) China
C) India
D) Russia

Question 26

What can Africa provide the Group of 8 that has resulted in improved international attitudes and behavior towards this continent?

A) cheap labor
B) military bases
C) oil
D) manufacturing centers

Question 27

The invention of the plow is to the second social revolution as the ________ is to the third social revolution.

A) steam engine
B) mapping of the human genome system
C) invention of the microchip
D) splitting of the atom

Question 28

In the 1920s, who was the German high school teacher who wrote The Decline of the West and proposed that Western civilization had passed its peak and was in decline?

A) Friedrich Bruenninger
B) William Ogburn
C) Oswald Spengler
D) Leopold von Zumpstein

Question 29

What concept is central to all evolutionary theories, regardless of their type?

A) social stratification
B) cultural progress
C) the development of cities
D) social inequality

Question 30

According to Max Weber, the idea that Protestants should work hard and be thrifty was an unexpected consequence of the ________.

A) Protestant Reformation
B) Industrial Revolution
C) exploitation of workers by capitalists
D) shift to a Gemeinschaft society

Question 31

A shift in the characteristics of culture and society over time is known as___________.

A) social change
B) cultural tradition
C) technology advancements
D) social life

Question 32

Which sociologist traced the emergence of capitalism to the Protestant Reformation?

A) Max Weber
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Karl Marx

Question 33

Which group of theories postulates all societies follow the same path from the simpler to the more complex form?

A) unilinear theories
B) dialectical theories
C) alterative theories
D) reformative theories

Question 34

The global division of nations, with more advanced technological nations exploiting weaker ones for their resources, began around the ________.

A) twelfth century
B) fourteenth century
C) sixteenth century
D) eighteenth century

Question 35

What has been the result of the industrialized Western nations exporting food and medicine to the Least Industrialized Nations?

A) It has been the cause of warfare between nations.
B) It has caused the recipient nations to focus on reforming their health systems.
C) It catapults the Least Industrialized Nations into Stage Four of the demographic equation.
D) It has caused population explosions in the nations receiving the aid.

Question 36

What did Karl Marx blame for the transformation of most societies from being Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft?

A) the Protestant Reformation.
B) the invention of capitalism
C) the invention of socialism
D) the Great Awakening

Question 37

Of the following, the most important threat to global control by the G8, the group of nations that decide world policy, is the ________.

A) introduction of multinational corporations
B) resurgence of ethnic conflicts worldwide
C) lessening dependency of the least industrialized nations
D) fear of new inventions weakening their power

Question 38

Who was the historian who hypothesized that all societies reach a peak and then decline?

A) Erik Erikson
B) Arnold Toynbee
C) Pitirim Sorokin
D) Talcott Parsons

Question 39

When did the first social revolution occur?

A) when man learned how to make fire
B) with the domestication of plants and animals
C) when the plow was invented
D) when cities developed

Question 40

The theories that propose societies may take different routes, but eventually lead to the same stage of development, are ________ theories.

A) unilinear
B) reformative
C) transformative
D) multilinear

Question 41

The computer now allows the instantaneous transfer of billions of dollars from one country to another. One of the concerns of governments about this easy transferring of digitized money is that ________.

A) the money would be easily lost
B) there are few traces for government to follow
C) the money could be put into the wrong accounts
D) the money is easily counterfeited

Question 42

In the model of historical change proposed by Karl Marx, the final stage in the process would be called ________.

A) utopia
B) a communist society
C) nirvana
D) a classless state

Question 43

Because of new technologies, more parents can work at home, which can strengthen families and lead to a decrease in the divorce rate. This example demonstrates how new technology can transform ________.

A) social organization
B) existing technologies
C) social relationships
D) a society's values

Question 44

The New World was always several thousand miles west of Europe. The fact that Columbus stumbled across it is an example of which process of social change?

A) invention
B) diffusion
C) insight
D) discovery

Question 45

What term did Karl Marx use to describe the dissatisfaction and unrest felt by workers when they are separated from the ownership of their work?

A) alienation
B) false consciousness
C) capitalism
D) anomie

Question 46

The most uniformly applicable description of technology is that it ________.

A) is an artificial means of extending human abilities
B) has placed a damper on social relationships
C) increases the surveillance of workers and depersonalization
D) decreases supervision and makes routine work easier

Question 47

Changes in social organizations, ideologies, conspicuous consumption, and social relationships is attributed to_________.

A) capitalism
B) ongoing inventions
C) new technology
D) world discoveries

Question 48

What is the primary benefit of technology for the Most Industrialized Nations?

A) It permits them to use fossil fuels efficiently.
B) It increases the nation's ability to analyze information, communicate, and travel.
C) It employs more people in the primary economic sector.
D) It permits the use of workers in the secondary sector of the economy.

Question 49

According to Marx, human history shows that struggle develops between the thesis and its antithesis, leading to a synthesis. Marx called this historical change a(n) ________.

A) radical transformation
B) cyclical activity
C) dialectical process
D) analytic process

Question 50

The Japanese adopted baseball as a national sport after they saw American GIs playing it following World War II. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of ________.

A) a discovery
B) diffusion
C) an invention
D) cultural lag

Question 51

Tools as simple as a comb and as complicated as the space shuttle require skills to use them. These skills are referred to as ________.

A) science
B) materialism
C) technology
D) diffusion

Question 52

When did the frontal assault on nature begin to take its most serious toll?

A) when nations industrialized
B) when cities developed
C) when the first social revolution erupted
D) when the post industrial society emerged

Question 53

According to Karl Marx, what would be the end result of workers being pushed by capitalists to make more and more products without appropriate changes in compensation and treatment?

A) a hostile takeover by the stockholders and a new management team appointed
B) the rise of a strong workers' union that goes on strike
C) the violent takeover of the means of production and establishing a worker's state
D) a convergence of capitalist and socialist philosophies to form a new union

Question 54

The American who is responsible for the mass production of the Model T was _________.

A) Timothy McVey
B) Henry Ford
C) Terry Nichols
D) Marshal Allen

Question 55

What did historian James Flink cite as the primary reason women were transformed from producers of food and clothing to consumers of national-brand canned goods, prepared foods, and ready-made clothes?

A) the credit card
B) no fault divorce
C) the automobile
D) women's liberation

Question 56

What is necessary for discovery to bring about the most extensive social change?

A) It must come at the right time.
B) It must be well publicized in the society.
C) It must upset the balance of power.
D) The discovery must be a dramatic one.

Question 57

The development of the assembly line process and use of interchangeable parts is an example of how technology has changed ________.

A) social organization
B) society's values
C) social relationships
D) a society's ideology

Question 58

Although all the faculty members of Acadia University have new state-of-the-art computers, several professors refuse to use them and even replaced them with personal typewriters. This is an example of ________.

A) cultural diffusion
B) cultural contracts
C) cultural lag
D) cultural reformulation

Question 59

Combining glass, a filament, and metal base (all of which previously existed) to form a new tool called the light bulb is an example of ________.

A) diffusion
B) discovery
C) invention
D) reformulation

Question 60

About 100 years ago, what was the newest technology?

A) the automobile
B) the light bulb
C) airplanes
D) the telephone

Question 61

Individuals who are trying to protect the environment by slashing the tires of trucks used to transport lumberjacks and vandalizing their equipment are engaged in a practice called ________.

A) crimes against nature
B) ecosabotage
C) ecological felonies
D) environmental revolution

Question 62

According to the concept environmental injustice, what two groups are affected the most by pollution?

A) The poor and minorities.
B) The elderly and children.
C) The immigrants and minorities.
D) All of society is affected by pollution.

Question 63

What is the end result when the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide produced by burning fossil fuels react with the atmospheric moisture?

A) the greenhouse effect
B) global warming
C) the destruction of the ozone layer
D) acid rain

Question 64

Which statement is most accurate regarding the effect the rapid disappearance of the rain forests will have on global conditions?

A) It will not affect industrialized nations significantly.
B) The media is exaggerating the effects of this problem.
C) Thousands of plant and animal species are lost annually.
D) This has been halted with the passage of new laws.

Question 65

What is believed to be the cause of the polar ice caps melting?

A) acid rain
B) global warming
C) the depletion of the ozone layer
D) a new energy shortage

Question 66

What was the impetus for each of the four social revolutions?

Question 67

What is the goal of environmental sociology?

A) stop pollution and discourage the use of nuclear power
B) understand the interrelationship between societies and the environment
C) examine how the man-made environment develops over time
D) analyze the potential physical limits to economic growth

Question 68

What name is given to political parties whose central issue is the environment and the practice of responsible ecology?

A) utopian parties
B) reform parties
C) naturalist parties
D) green parties

Question 69

On average, one tribe of Amazonian Indians has been lost each year of the twentieth century. What is the fundamental explanation for this destruction?

A) their resistance to modernization
B) ethnocentrism and the greed of non-Indians
C) their lack of social organization
D) the use of medicinal plants, rather than modern drugs

Question 70

Why are the Most Industrialized Nations changing their attitudes and behavior towards Africa?

Question 71

What is the main source of pollution in the Most Industrialized Nations?

A) nuclear power
B) industrial run off
C) burning fossil fuels in internal combustion engines
D) overuse of fertilizer and pesticides

Question 72

According to the text, there is no energy shortage now, nor will there ever be. What reason (s) is given to support this statement?

A) The burning of fossil fuels has been resolved by scientists.
B) New technologies such as gas-electric hybrids have solved the energy shortage.
C) Boundless energy from the sun and the tides eliminate the idea of an energy shortage.
D) This statement is only speculation and is not entirely supported by scientists.

Question 73

What are the two types of evolutionary theories?

Question 74

What is geopolitics?

Question 75

What are the four stages in Karl Marx's model of historical change?

Question 76

Why did the stratification and global division of nations begin to emerge in the sixteenth century?

Question 77

What evidence is there to support the notion that ethnic conflict threatens the geopolitics of the G8?

Question 78

Why do Gesellschaft societies emphasize formal education and career ladders so much more than the Gemeinschaft societies?

Question 79

In the northeast United States, some lakes which were once considered good fishing spots no longer have fish living in them. The reason fish cannot survive in these lakes is because ________.

A) of the greenhouse effect
B) the burning of fossil fuels produces acid rain
C) of global warming
D) of the depletion of the ozone layer

Question 80

What was the impetus for the development of modernization?