Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

The research of sociologist Melvin Kohn and others demonstrates that the differences in the supervision of children are a matter of the race and ethnicity of the parents more than any other factor.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Mead's theory of personal development is based on the image that we present to those around us, the reactions of these people, and way that we interpret these reactions.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Parents are the first significant others to teach children about the fundamental symbolic division of the world.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In Piaget's model for children's development of reasoning skills, the term "reasoning skills" is synonymous with the term "operational" as it is used in the theory.

Question 5

Cooley's conclusions about the looking-glass self appear to be true for people around the world.

Question 6

Mead emphasized that in order to learn to take the role of the "other" a child must pass through three stages - imitation, play, and team game.

Question 7

The advent of Lara Croft and other women of action has clearly divided children with an interest in action films into two camps - one supporting male characters and the other the supporting emerging female characters.

Question 8

Without language there can be no culture, no shared way of life.

Question 9

The "corridor curriculum" often emphasizes racism, sexism, illicit ways to make money, and "being cool."

Question 10

The research of Melissa Milkie demonstrated that there is little difference today in how boys and girls interpret the cultural expectations of gender.

Question 11

Identical twins share exactly the same genetic heredity.

Question 12

Sociologists have clearly demonstrated that most emotions are universal and are "products of our genes."

Question 13

The term "total institution" refers to a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and where they come under almost total control of the officials who are in charge.

Question 14

In Mead's theory of development, the "me" is the "object of action" or the "self as object."

Question 15

The latent function of formal education is to teach knowledge and skills, such as writing, reading, and arithmetic.

Question 16

The research of the Harlows demonstrated that the key to mother-child bonding is the ability of the mother to provide food and other nutrition to the offspring.

Question 17

Social class, gender, race, and ethnicity are aspects of one's life that fall into the category of social location.

Question 18

Freud assumed that what was male was "normal" and that females were "inferior, castrated males."

Question 19

Gender serves as the primary basis for social inequality.

Question 20

Sociologists usually embrace Freudian theory on personality development because of its universal acceptance among the social sciences.

Question 21

The research in the early 1960s using rhesus monkeys to demonstrate the importance of intimate physical contact in the rearing of animals was conducted by ________.

A) Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
B) William and Helen Thomas
C) Harry and Margaret Harlow
D) William and Virginia Masters

Question 22

According to Piaget, the stage of development that is dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ________ stage.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) sensorimotor
D) concrete operational

Question 23

What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of the public?

A) primary group
B) generalized others
C) secondary group
D) significant others

Question 24

What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?

A) stratification
B) psychoanalysis
C) cultural tradition
D) socialization

Question 25

Morris is 3 years old and is just beginning to talk. He can count to 10 but is not altogether sure what numbers actually mean. According to Piaget, Morris is in the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) formal operational

Question 26

Jean Piaget's use of the term "operational" is most aligned with the concept of ________.

A) motor skills
B) reasoning skills
C) language skills
D) social skills

Question 27

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?

A) the ability to take the role of another
B) an average or above-average IQ
C) a well-developed id
D) the influence of positive peers

Question 28

Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing?

A) Freud's psychoanalytic theory
B) Cooley's looking-glass self
C) Mead's "I" and "me" concept
D) Piaget's theory of moral reasoning

Question 29

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?

A) biological makeup
B) basic intelligence
C) intimate early social interaction
D) strict discipline

Question 30

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's ________.

A) generalized others
B) significant others
C) primary group members
D) reference group members

Question 31

The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________.

A) George Herbert Mead
B) William I. Thomas
C) Charles Horton Cooley
D) Robert K. Merton

Question 32

The symbolic interactionist who taught at the University of Chicago and stressed that play was crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________.

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Lester Ward
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Talcott Parsons

Question 33

What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?

A) peer socialization
B) feeding and grooming
C) intimate social contact
D) intellectual development

Question 34

Mead describes the active, creative, and spontaneous part of the self as the ________.

A) I
B) me
C) id
D) ego

Question 35

Tory is 5 years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory, he is in the ________ stage.

A) imitation
B) game
C) play
D) generalized

Question 36

According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________.

A) significant others
B) the person's reference group
C) the person's in-group
D) generalized others

Question 37

Because of the power of peers and social institutions, we are all prisoners of socialization.

Question 38

George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages - the ________ stage, ________stage, and ________ stage.

A) primary; secondary; tertiary
B) id; ego; superego
C) sensorimotor; preoperational; operational
D) imitation; play; team games

Question 39

Our image of how others see us is called the ________.

A) id
B) super ego
C) libido
D) self

Question 40

What discovery did Skeels and Dye make when they administered intelligence tests to a sample of orphans cared for by trained professionals in a "good" orphanage and to a second sample of orphans raised by residents of an institution for mentally retarded women?

A) The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 25 points lower than those raised by trained professionals.
B) The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 58 points higher than those raised by trained professionals.
C) There was no difference in the scores of the orphans raised by the mentally impaired compared to those raised by trained professionals.
D) The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 47 points lower than those raised by trained professionals.

Question 41

The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind is referred to as ________.

A) transactional analysis
B) rational emotive therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) reality therapy

Question 42

According to Sigmund Freud, when the id gets out of hand, individuals follow their desires for pleasure and ________.

A) demand self-gratification
B) seek intimacy
C) break society's norms
D) need for isolation

Question 43

According to Piaget, when children are capable of abstract thinking, they have reached the level of development called the ________.

A) sensorimotor stage
B) formal operational stage
C) preoperational stage
D) concrete operational stage

Question 44

In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the libido

Question 45

The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.

A) resocialization
B) role diffusion
C) ego identity
D) gender socialization

Question 46

Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests, including friends, classmates, and the "kids in the neighborhood," are most appropriately referred to as ________.

A) significant others
B) generalized others
C) peers
D) confederates

Question 47

Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior?

A) Sociologists reject the notion that personality develops in stages.
B) Sociologists disagree on the influence of the super ego as a balancing force of behavior.
C) Sociologists argue that Freud failed to study a wide range of subjects before developing his theory.
D) Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

Question 48

In psychoanalytic theory, the "culture within us" is represented by the ________.

A) superego
B) id
C) ego
D) libido

Question 49

Based on the research of Kohn and his associates, how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly?

A) They would probably use physical punishment.
B) They would rely on reasoning with the child.
C) They would probably deny privileges and "ground" the child.
D) They would offer verbal encouragement.

Question 50

The average person is exposed to __________ commercials a year.

A) 20,000
B) 200,000
C) 2,000
D) 200

Question 51

What is the proposed source of the six specific emotions that Paul Ekman identified as being present in all cultures?

A) They are based on the social environment.
B) They are a product of our genes.
C) They are based on common cultural values held worldwide.
D) They are based on intellectual capability.

Question 52

Frank is the son of a middle-class family. He took the family car without permission last night, returning home at 3 AM with the smell of alcohol on his breath. It is most likely, based on the research of Kohn, that the next day Frank's parents will ________.

A) call the police and have their son arrested to impress upon him the error of his ways
B) buy him his own car and hold him to a higher standard of responsibility
C) physically punish their son using a culturally approved method
D) suspend Frank's driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving

Question 53

People and groups that influence our orientation to life - our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors - are called ________.

A) total institutions
B) generalized others
C) agents of socialization
D) out-groups

Question 54

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the stage in which the child has no sense of right or wrong and only personal needs to be satisfied is the ________ stage.

A) amoral
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Question 55

A young woman is contemplating a particular behavior, in this case, dropping out of college. She is also considering an awareness of the self in relationship to others to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment. This is referred to as her ________.

A) socialized self as subject
B) self-actualized stage
C) social mirror
D) reality principle

Question 56

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

A) It encourages a sexless society.
B) It encourages women to assume male roles to be successful.
C) It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.
D) It encourages cross-gender behavior.

Question 57

The social scientist who criticized the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg and developed an alternative theory on the development of morality based on personal relationships was ________.

A) Jane Addams
B) Margaret Sanger
C) Carol Gilligan
D) Margaret Mead

Question 58

What conclusion did psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis make after observing the interactions of mothers and their children?

A) Mothers socialized their sons to be passive and dependent.
B) Mothers tended to treat their children the same, regardless of sex.
C) Mothers unconsciously rewarded their daughters for being dependent.
D) Mothers felt their sons needed greater supervision when they played.

Question 59

In developing his theory on moral development, when did Kohlberg claim most people reach the postconventional stage?

A) Most people reach this stage shortly after birth.
B) Most people reach this stage after passing through puberty.
C) Most people reach this stage during the "midlife crisis."
D) Most people do not reach this stage.

Question 60

Video games have begun to portray women in changing gender roles, such as Lara Croft, the adventure-seeking archaeologist, and Xena, Warrior Princess. This change in roles may also serve as ________.

A) an example of pornography
B) a way to confuse children about their sexuality
C) a way to motivate young women to play video games
D) the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males

Question 61

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.

A) resocialization
B) socialization
C) the "looking-glass self"
D) anticipatory socialization

Question 62

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?

A) rites of passage
B) life theme
C) the life course
D) stages of development

Question 63

In the "nature versus nurture" argument, what is another term for "nurture"?

Question 64

Frankie and Johnnie are both above-average students, but they feel that they learn much more about life, success, and relationships with others from other students outside of the classroom. In this sense, Frankie and Johnnie are relying on the ________ for their education.

A) hidden curriculum
B) corridor curriculum
C) manifest function
D) latent function

Question 65

Another term used for the stage of development called transitional adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 29, is ________.

A) the middle years
B) adultolescence
C) the sandwich generation
D) mid-life crisis

Question 66

In Mead's theory of development, what is the difference between the "I" and the "me"?

Question 67

The period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood is called ________.

A) transitional adulthood
B) puberty
C) adolescence
D) the middle years

Question 68

What are the three elements of Cooley's looking-glass self concept?

Question 69

What is the difference between significant others and generalized other?

Question 70

What are the four stages in Kohlberg's theory of development?

Question 71

What are the three elements of Freud's theory on the development of personality?

Question 72

Although formal education is intended to transmit knowledge and skills, it unintentionally teaches students that the same rules apply to everyone. This universality reflects what sociologists describe as ________.

A) a signaling system
B) a pattern variable
C) a latent function
D) a manifest function

Question 73

John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________.

A) social institution
B) agent of socialization
C) social location
D) total institution

Question 74

Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers, clean the frat house, and address the fraternity members as "sir." This is an example of what Harold Garfinkel termed ________.

A) learning conformity
B) a personal identity kit
C) anticipatory socialization
D) a degradation ceremony

Question 75

What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care?

A) As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was stronger between mother and child.
B) As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.
C) The mother-child bond was based on the social class of the mother and not the hours the child spent in day care.
D) There was no relationship between mother-child bond and the hours a child spent in day care.

Question 76

What was the physical makeup of the two "mother" monkeys the Harlows developed for their experiment?

Question 77

What are the three stages of George Herbert Mead's theory of development?

Question 78

As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.

A) a latent dysfunction of U.S. education
B) a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools
C) a manifest function of education
D) a manifest dysfunction of education

Question 79

What is the difference between feral children and "regular" children?

Question 80

What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?

A) The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth.
B) The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6.
C) The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.
D) The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.