Deck 2: Scientific Investigation

Question 1

According to Karl Popper it is not possible to 'prove' a hypothesis by means of induction,because no amount of evidence assures us that contrary evidence will not be found.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

An inductive investigation starts with an observation of empirical data.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A deductive investigation is based on theoretically logical reasoning.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In the hypothetico-deductive method the formulation,foundation and testing of hypotheses play an important role.

Question 5

Hypothesis testing is inductive in nature because we test if a general theory is capable of explaining a particular problem.

Question 6

'Confidence',as a characteristic of scientific investigation,refers to:

A)The probability that our estimations are correct.
B)The idea that a simple model that explains a certain phenomenon has preference over a complex model.
C)The fact that findings are generalizable.
D)The fact that an investigation has a clear theoretical foundation.

Question 7

Which of the following is a hierarchical listing of the hypothetico-deductive research method?

A)Identify a broad problem area - Define the problem statement - Develop hypotheses - Determine measures - Data collection - Data analysis - Interpretation of data
B)Identify a broad problem area - Define the problem statement - Determine measures - Data collection - Develop hypotheses - Data analysis - Interpretation of data
C)Define the problem statement - Identify a broad problem area - Determine measures - Develop hypotheses - Data collection - Data analysis - Interpretation of data
D)Identify a broad problem area - Develop hypotheses - Determine measures - Data collection - Data analysis - Interpretation of data

Question 8

Inductive processes are more often used in causal and quantitative studies,whereas deductive research processes are regularly used in exploratory and qualitative studies.

Question 9

'Rigor' related to scientific investigation refers,amongst others,to:

A)The probability that our estimations are correct.
B)The idea that a simple model that explains a certain phenomenon has preference over a complex model.
C)The fact that findings are generalizable.
D)The fact that a study has a good theoretical base.

Question 10

It is not always possible to meet all the hallmarks of science in full.Comparability,consistency,and wide generalizability are often difficult to obtain in research.

Question 11

A hypothesis is falsifiable if it is possible to disprove the hypothesis.

Question 12

Case studies are usually qualitative in nature.

Question 13

Confidence refers to the closeness of the findings to "reality" based on a sample.

Question 14

Parsimony refers to:

A)The probability that our estimations are correct.
B)The idea that a simple model explaining a certain phenomenon is preferred to a complex model.
C)The fact that findings are generalizable.
D)The fact that an investigation has a clear theoretical base.

Question 15

Analyses of both quantitative and qualitative data can be done to determine if certain conjectures are substantiated.

Question 16

Action research involves in-depth,contextual analyses of similar situations in other organizations,where the nature and definition of the problem happen to be the same as experienced in the current situation.

Question 17

Both theory generation (induction)and theory testing (deduction)are essential parts of the research process.

Question 18

As in the hypothetico-deductive studies,hypotheses can be developed in case studies as well.

Question 19

Deduction is the process of drawing conclusions based on (an interpretation of)the results of data-analysis.

Question 20

Scientific investigation is characterized by a good theoretical base and a sound methodological design.These characteristics are both related to the of the investigation.

A)Rigor.
B)Precision and confidence.
C)Objectivity.
D)Parsimony.

Question 21

A researcher who observes individual phenomena,and on this basis attempts to arrive at general conclusions,works inductively.

Question 22

Simplicity in explaining the phenomena or problems that occur,and in generating solutions for the problems,is always preferred to complex research frameworks that consider an unmanageable number of factors.

Question 23

A scientific hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.