Deck 7: Digital Mammography

Question 1

Once the image is displayed on a monitor for viewing, the observer can now apply digital image pre-processing techniques.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which of the following algorithms enhances the sharpness of the borders of mass lesions, but may make even an indistinct mass appear more circumscribed?

A) peripheral equalization
B) Trex processing
C) unsharp masking
D) manual intensity windowing

Answer 2

unsharp masking

Question 3

Data processing uses rule-based methods and other approaches such as discriminant analysis, artificial neural networks, and the decision-tree method to distinguish between normal and abnormal patterns based on features obtained in qualitative interpretation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Digital mammography computer display monitors should be located in rooms that have ambient light of less than ____.

A) 5 lux2
B) 10 lux2
C) 15 lux2
D) 20 lux2

Question 5

The DQE for F-S mammography system is about ____%.

A) 25
B) 35
C) 45
D) 55

Question 6

The digital output from the computer must be converted from an analog signal so that it can be displayed on a monitor workstation.

Question 7

When X-rays fall upon the a-Se layer, an electric charge is released and readout using an electrode pad.

Question 8

Which cassette contains the intensifying screen and the film that has been made for use in mammographic imaging?

A) mammography
B) screen-film
C) X-ray tube
D) radiography

Question 9

There are two objects that are of interest in the imaging process, the diamond- and oval-shaped objects, which are located at different levels in the breast.

Question 10

Which system consists of the X-ray tube and generator systems coupled to the digital detector imaging system?

A) computer processing
B) ADC
C) digital image processing
D) data acquisition

Question 11

Which array is arranged as a matrix of pixels that are sensitive to the light from the CsI phosphor?

A) CRT
B) CCD
C) DQE
D) ADC

Question 12

Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization can also provide subtle edge information but might degrade performance in the screening setting by enhancing the visibility of nuisance information.

Question 13

____ is defined as radiography of the breast; it is a prime example of soft tissue radiography, since the breast is composed of soft tissues such as adipose (fat), fibrous, and glandular tissue.

A) Chemical imaging
B) Sonography
C) Breast imaging
D) Mammography

Question 14

Mammography was developed as a dedicated imaging technique to detect breast cancer that has become prevalent among women in Europe.

Question 15

What is the only DM system that has not been approved by the FDA, even though this system is being used in Japan and in Europe as well?

A) Fuji Contrast-Enhanced
B) General Electric Senograph
C) Fuji Computed Radiography
D) Fischer Imaging

Question 16

Which of the following algorithms can produce digital mammograms very similar to standard screen-film mammograms but is limited by its operator dependence?

A) manual intensity windowing
B) histogram-based intensity windowing
C) mixture-model intensity windowing
D) contrast-limited adaptive histogram

Question 17

Digital mammography (DM)is radiography of the breast using a digital detector coupled to a computer that makes use of digital image processing techniques to enhance the visibility of detail and contrast of the image.

Question 18

Which detector consists of three major components: a scintillator, photodiodes, a thin film transistor (TFT)array, and a glass support?

A) charge-coupled
B) flat-panel a-Se
C) flat-panel a-Si
D) scintillator

Question 19

The CsI phosphor is deposited on top of the a-Si TFT array in a needle-like fashion (to reduce lateral dispersion of light in order to improve image detail)and converts X-rays into images.

Question 20

Image processing algorithms allow the human to pick up initial lesions and suspicious patterns.

Question 21

Peripheral equalization displays lesion details well and preserves the peripheral information in the surrounding breast, but there may be a flattening of the image contrast in the ____________________ portions of the image.

Question 22

Which of the following allows visualization of both lesion detail and breast edge information but reduces image contrast?

A) manual intensity windowing
B) Trex processing
C) unsharp masking
D) mixture-model intensity windowing

Question 23

Picture archiving and ____________________ systems are now commonplace in hospitals, and the next consideration for DM is to send all the digitally acquired images to the PACS.

Question 24

The ____________________ is central to a DM imaging system.

Question 25

After obtaining which image of the breast are several iodinated contrast images (contrast medium-enhanced)recorded?

A) scout
B) compression
C) contrast
D) stationary

Question 26

____ uses rule-based methods and other approaches such as discriminant analysis, artificial neural networks, and the decision-tree method to distinguish between normal and abnormal patterns based on features obtained in quantitation.

A) CAD
B) Algorithms
C) Image processing
D) Data processing

Question 27

____ uses the principles of conventional tomography to produce tomographic images that are intended to enhance the conspicuity of lesions by blurring out structures above and below the layer of interest.

A) Digital tomosynthesis
B) CAD systems
C) Quantitation
D) Discriminant analysis

Question 28

The detector system consists of a thin layer of a(n)____________________, a-Se, deposited onto a readout layer of electronics.

Question 29

In ____, computer software is used as a tool to provide additional information to the radiologist and other related individuals in order to make a diagnosis.

A) MIW
B) CAD
C) HMIW
D) DM

Question 30

Digital mammography can be used in visualizing ____ by using an iodinated contrast medium.

A) lesions
B) density
C) angiogenesis
D) tomosynthesis

Question 31

____ include filtering baser, Fourier analysis, artificial neural networks, wavelet transform, etc., to enhance and extract lesions.

A) Image processing algorithms
B) CAD
C) Quantitation
D) Digital tomosynthesis

Question 32

Mammography must be able to show the ____________________ between a lesion that is located in the breast and the normal anatomy that is around that lesion.

Question 33

When X-rays fall upon the __________________ layer, an electric charge is released and readout using an electric field.

Question 34

The scintillator is made up of cesium iodide (CsI)activated by ____________________.

Question 35

Which of the following involves at least three steps to distinguish between lesions and normal anatomical structures?

A) qualitative interpretation
B) data processing
C) image processing
D) quantitation

Question 36

During which procedure does the X-ray tube move through various angles while the detector is stationary?

A) CAD
B) digital tomosynthesis
C) specific image processing
D) CR digital mammography

Question 37

The X-ray tube travels ____ during the exposure to acquire data while the image detector remains stationary.

A) in a horizontal line
B) in a circle
C) in a vertical line
D) in an arc

Question 38

If the radiologist needs a lighter or darker film or if the image contrast needs to be changed, then the technologist must perform the exam using a different set of ____________________ technique factors to demonstrate these required characteristics.

Question 39

Film is processed using a chemical processor to render the latent image ____________________.

Question 40

Image processing is designed to optimize the quality of the output, but it should be remembered that sub-optimal image processing and display has the potential to result in image degradation and ____________________.

Question 41

The computer uses image-processing algorithms for enhancement and ____________________ of lesions.

Question 42

CAD has been applied to ____________________ and diagnostic mammography, chest radiography, chest CT, cardiovascular systems, neuroradiology, virtual colonography, pediatric radiology, and to the musculoskeletal system.

Question 43

Digital mammography can be used in visualizing ____________________ by using an iodinated contrast medium.

Question 44

The imaging technique for breast ____________________ has two methods of acquiring data, namely the step-and-shoot method and the continuous exposure method.

Question 45

Two CAD systems commercially available for use in Radiology are the R2 Image Checker, R2 Technology from R2 Technology, Inc., Los Altos, California; and the CADx ____________________, CADx Medical Systems, Quebec, Canada.

Question 46

The overall diagnostic accuracy of digital and film mammography as a means of screening for breast cancer is similar, but ____________________ mammography is more accurate in women under the age of 50 years, women with radiographically dense breasts, and premenopausal or perimenopausal women.

Question 47

____________________ systems are essentially based on two approaches: those that use location of lesions by using the computer to search for abnormal patterns and those that quantify the image features of normal and/or abnormal patterns.

Question 48

____________________ finds unique features that can be readily distinguished reliably between a lesion and other normal anatomical structures.

Question 49

In order to compare the clinical usefulness of a new technique with existing techniques, it is essential to conduct ____________________.

Question 50

There are three major technical components of a CAD system: image processing, ____________________ of image features, and data processing.