Deck 10: Learning What Is True: Religion, Science, and Education

Question 1

Scientific knowledge is NOT influenced by political agendas.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The fact that all Canadian students have equal access to primary and secondary schooling means they have equal opportunities to succeed in school.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to functionalists, a key manifest function of schools is the transmission of culture.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to conflict theorists, education perpetuates social inequality.

Question 5

As an advanced industrialized nation, Canada's education system is controlled federally.

Question 6

The concept of a collective conscience is associated with Karl Marx.

Question 7

Generally speaking, religion has a tendency to bring people together rather than to break them apart.

Question 8

Approximately 40 percent of elementary and secondary students are enrolled in the private system.

Question 9

Sociologist Max Weber argued that religion retarded social change.

Question 10

Far more students and their parents are now dependent on private, rather than public, schools for providing a high-quality education.

Question 11

Research findings indicate that people who have formal religious affiliations are more anxious than those without formal religious affiliations.

Question 12

Sociologists agree that scientific knowledge is a distinct form of knowledge that provides an objective truth.

Question 13

For Émile Durkheim, the central feature of all religions is the fact that such organizations become the "opium of the masses."

Question 14

"Cultural capital" has limited impact on educational success.

Question 15

Currently, Protestants are the largest religious group in Canada.
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Question 16

Conflict theorists such as Karl Marx view religion as serving positive functions in society.

Question 17

Many youth say they would increase their involvement in a religious group if they found it to be worthwhile.

Question 18

Durkheim felt that religion would ultimately decline in importance.

Question 19

According to Lindsay (2008), a study in 2005 indicated that more than half of Canadians currently attend religious services.

Question 20

Children of economically disadvantaged households fare just as well in school as children from affluent home environments.

Question 21

Damian loved going to church because it made him feel part of something larger than himself. Which theorist's approach to religion explains why Damian felt this way?

A)Durkheim
B)Weber
C) Marx
D) Taylor

Question 22

Kids who wear name-brand clothing and have the latest technological gadgets can be said to have more of what, compared to kids who do not have these resources?

A)cultural capital
B)social capital
C) economic capital
D) political capital

Question 23

A novice born-again Christian attends a charismatic prayer group. The small group stands to pray, then someone starts to speak in tongues, and the whole group starts singing in unison. The novice feels a transcendent presence. Which of the following terms applies to this social phenomenon?

A)collective sacredness
B)collective projection
C) collective consciousness
D) collective delusion

Question 24

Which of the following research questions would an interactionist pose?

A)Are powerful interests behind religion?
B)What accounts for discord between religious groups?
C) In what ways do religious teachings and practices enable individuals to achieve their goals?
D) How does religion contribute to people's construction of identity?

Question 25

Alex works hard doing painstaking work on his farm. He is surprised to find that the younger workers he has hired to assist him do not share his value of hard work. Which of the following ideas does Alex exemplify?

A)false consciousness
B)the Protestant ethic
C) the Spirit of Capitalism
D) Weber's thesis

Question 26

Which of the following describes the hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of activities within an organization or institution that all social institutions, including schools, have?

A)manifest functions
B)latent functions
C) unobtrusive goals
D) subjective goals

Question 27

One of the following sociological approaches would contend that the very design of mass public schooling ensures that people who are born disadvantaged remain disadvantaged. Which one is it?

A)neo-conservatives
B)human capital theorists
C) conflict theorists
D) structural-functionalists

Question 28

According to the text, which feminist perspective suggests that removing some of the traditional boundaries of certain religions, and integrating some images and rituals from outside those traditional boundaries, can serve positive ends for women in society?

A)rejectionists
B)revolutionaries
C) revisionist
D) reformist

Question 29

A.J. Massey Public School has just received its students' standardized test scores from the school board. The school fell in rank after a very poor performance across all grade levels. How would a functionalist explain this?

A)The school is nonfunctioning.
B)There is a dysfunction in the system.
C) Students should have tried harder.
D) The tests were unfair.

Question 30

Students at Elmwood Elementary must go to the office to get a late slip if they arrive after the final bell. Which of the following manifest functions of education does this illustrate?

A)skill knowledge and development
B)historical and cultural transmission
C) social development
D) social control

Question 31

What interesting paradox has Reginald Bibby's recent survey research revealed?

A)While attendance at religious services has increased, most Canadians report no religious affiliation or spiritual beliefs.
B)While attendance at religious services has dramatically declined, most Canadians report some religious affiliation or spiritual beliefs.
C) While many Canadians are on a new spiritual quest, they seek traditional sources of religious guidance.
D) While few Canadians are on a new spiritual quest, they are attending religious services at one main church.

Question 32

In the text, which of the following was an example of negative bonding capital?

A)Canadian residential schooling for Aboriginal children
B)refusal by some religions to pay federal taxes
C) internal conflicts, or schisms within a religion
D) a Christmas tree in central park

Question 33

If we were to ask a conflict theorist, what would she or he say is accurate about education?

A)Education is a voice for the masses.
B)Education is a paradigm for social change.
C) Education is a platform for challenging social inequality.
D) Education is a vehicle for reproducing existing inequalities.

Question 34

When it comes to boys and girls in the classroom, boys consistently have more conflict with teachers because they talk out of turn, show up late, don't do their homework, and act out in class. According to sociologists, what term best describes the part of schooling that boys have problems with?

A)structured order
B)hidden curriculum
C) school discipline
D) code of conduct

Question 35

Which one of the following perspectives typically emphasizes the ways in which religious beliefs and rituals bind people together?

A)conflict
B)feminist
C) functionalist
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 36

From kindergarten through college and university, children learn attitudes and behaviour appropriate to the student role. Which of the following manifest functions of education does this illustrate?

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C) skills development
D) change and innovation

Question 37

Which of the following is the social institution that systematically instills much of the knowledge that is needed to function as productive adults in society?

A)socialization
B)higher learning
C) cultural transmission
D) education

Question 38

Jonathan has always been told, and believed, that he was a "C" student, and his grades at university are mostly "Cs." Which of the following may be occurring here?

A)labelling
B)a learning disability
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) a fallacy of reasoning

Question 39

David works Monday to Friday as a lawyer. On weekends he attends his temple and volunteers with its youth counselling program. According to the text, which of the following effects do his weekend activities most likely have on his life?

A)a sense of belonging
B)increased stress from increased time commitments
C) decreased compassion
D) no clear effect

Question 40

Which of the following functions does religion serve, according to a functionalist perspective?

A)It ensures that all members have a sense of belonging.
B)It offers meaning for the human experience.
C) It guarantees social control.
D) It solidifies social cohesion.

Question 41

According to the text, which feminist perspective suggests that if the doctrines of the world's major religions are interpreted "correctly," the true message is one of equality?

A)rejectionists
B)revolutionaries
C) revisionist
D) reformist

Question 42

When a sociologist asks a group of people how often they go to church, which aspects of religion is he studying?

A)religious attendance
B)religious affiliation
C) curriculum
D) religiosity index

Question 43

According to the text, what is the label used for a worldview that uses the insights of natural science to inform people's way of living, their purpose in life, and the choices they make?

A)theologism
B)scientism
C) naturism
D) rationalism

Question 44

According to a feminist perspective, what is important to women concerning religion?

A)determining the amount of discrimination that women face
B)alternative belief systems for all women, given the patriarchal nature of organized religion
C) women's absence or oppression in religious institutions
D) that church officials are penalized for wrongdoings against women

Question 45

According to Eriksson (2007), what is scientific knowledge dependent on?

A)funding opportunities
B)political pressure
C) educational value
D) knowledge limitations

Question 46

According to the text, what is one of the central arguments about religion taken by postmodernists?

A)There is no singular version of a particular religion, but a multiplicity of different forms of that religion.
B)Traditional boundaries must be crossed if a complete understanding of world religions is to be achieved.
C) The institutions of education and religion must remain separate entities.
D) Religion creates more tensions than communities and must be eradicated to remove conflict.

Question 47

How does Thomas Kuhn (1962) label the paradigm shifts that have occurred in science throughout history?

A)as paradigmatic turns
B)as scientific accumulation
C) as scientific divergence
D) as scientific revolutions

Question 48

Lauren works in a factory and raises three children. Her husband is unemployed and drinks too much. Lauren believes that this is only a temporary situation since, when she dies, her deity will take her to a better place, where she will live for eternity. Which theorist would argue that Lauren's belief is preventing her from breaking out of this situation?

A)Taylor
B)Weber
C) Durkheim
D) Marx

Question 49

Which of the following is a likely outcome of increased religiosity, according to the text?

A)health benefits
B)reduction in crime and substance abuse
C) shorter marriages
D) more sects, cults, and churches

Question 50

According to Weber, what influence can the moral tone that infused the rise of capitalism in Europe be traced back to?

A)the edicts of the Roman Catholic Church
B)ungodly, atheist, and material aspirations
C) the ideas of the Protestant doctrine
D) the religious persecution of the Jews

Question 51

According to the text, what is the term used to describe the relationship possible between religious and scientific knowledge when both are asking some of the same questions?

A)overlap
B)dialogue
C) conflict
D) interdependent

Question 52

Students learn to take turns, follow directions, and stand in line at school. These are examples of which of the following?

A)skill knowledge and development
B)historical and cultural transmission
C) social development
D) social control

Question 53

High school students hanging out at the local mall rather than attending classes demonstrates that which of the following latent functions of education is dysfunctional?

A)skill knowledge and development
B)historical and cultural transmission
C) social development
D) social control

Question 54

Sally is happiest when she is working in her home, making sure it is neat and clean, preparing meals for her family, and ensuring that her children are content. Weber would argue that this approach to hard work is part of Sally's religious upbringing. What label would he apply to it?

A)Catholic dedication
B)being Christian
C) the sacred approach
D) the Protestant ethic

Question 55

No one in the Smith family has ever gone to university. Each child is taught the family trade as they come of age. By comparison, the Jones family has three generations of lawyers, all educated at the top university in Canada. This is an example of which conflict theory?

A)The education system ensures that the family business/profession is continued.
B)The education system ensures equal opportunity for all family members.
C) The education system ensures that the disadvantaged stay disadvantaged.
D) The education system ensures that hard work is rewarded.

Question 56

Which of the following perspectives tries to locate educational issues within the contexts and tensions in which they occur?

A)functionalist theory
B)symbolic interactionist theory
C) postmodern theorist theory
D) feminist theory

Question 57

Which of the following argued that education is crucial for promoting cultural values and order in society?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Pierre Bourdieu
C) Amitai Etzioni
D) Max Weber

Question 58

Maria is skeptical about powerful corporate interests behind the church. To lend support for her argument, on which of the following perspectives should she draw?

A)postmodern theory
B)functionalist theory
C) conflict theory
D) interactionist theory

Question 59

According to the text, which of the following is the largest religious group in Canada today?

A)Jewish
B)Protestant
C) Catholic
D) Muslim

Question 60

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a component of a belief system?

A)ethical and moral claims
B)technologies to obtain or use "the truth"
C) opportunities to learn about knowledge
D) claims about the nature of reality

Question 61

A secondary school district redrafts its curriculum offerings into the following categories leading to graduation: early matriculation for 16-year-olds, and late matriculation for trades, technology, and college/university preparation. What term best identifies this school's structuring?

A)self-selection
B)aptitude selection
C) streaming
D) majoring

Question 62

Karl Marx believed that the capitalist class uses religious ideology as a tool of domination to mislead the workers about their true interests. Which of the following concepts describes this phenomenon in Marxian terms?

A)the downfall of the proletariat
B)the alienation of all good people
C) the false consciousness of the poor
D) the opium of the people

Question 63

Which of the following is the term used for assigning students to specific courses and educational programs based on their test scores and/or previous grades?

A)grading
B)IQ grouping
C) organizing
D) streaming

Question 64

According to the text, what is the term used for the social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred?

A)terrorism
B)family
C) religion
D) education

Question 65

Adopting the views of Karl Marx, what would a person say the capitalist class uses religious ideology to do?

A)maintain social order
B)dominate and mislead
C) promote social harmony
D) challenge inequality

Question 66

Which of the following statements describes what sociologists call the "hidden curriculum"?

A)There are rules, procedures, and norms taught to learners as part of their lessons.
B)There are rules, procedures, and norms that are taught in addition to the formal curriculum.
C) There are educational objectives that serve to restrict opportunities for visible minorities.
D) There are educational lessons that provide more opportunities for visible minorities.

Question 67

According to the text, how many major world religions are there?

A)at least 10
B)at least 14
C) at least 22
D) at least 29

Question 68

According to the text, what would it take to get reluctant youths to attend church more often?

A)If their friends were going, they would attend too.
B)It would take a personal relationship with God.
C) It would take a powerful conversion experience.
D) They would attend if they thought it was worthwhile.

Question 69

According to your text, what has religion shown that it can do locally, nationally, and globally?

A)It can cause wars and disharmony, and tear people apart, removing the potential for peaceful resolutions.
B)It can contribute to the advancement of knowledge, but at the expense of peace.
C) It can bring people together and tear them apart.
D) It offers a path to peace, always bringing people together.

Question 70

What are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution?

A)latent functions
B)manifest functions
C) purposeful functions
D) planned functions

Question 71

Which of the following is a main result of credentialism, according to the text?

A)Individuals become overqualified in pursuing credentials.
B)Only people who have the required skills can get a job.
C) Class advantage and social status become linked to having academic credentials.
D) It produces a more competitive society.

Question 72

According to the text, which of the following outlines the feminist standpoint theory developed by Harding (1991)?

A)Women's oppression has slowed their knowledge growth, but they now have much to offer the scientific community.
B)Women's unique understanding of the world could be used to create a superior body of scientific knowledge.
C) Women's approach to science has enabled many revelations by men, but credit is now due to the women.
D) Women are now receiving superior scientific educations and deserve the same opportunities as men.

Question 73

According to the text, which of the following reflects a functionalist view of school functions?

A)Schools transmit universal social values and teach acceptable social practices.
B)Schools are designed along the lines of an open curriculum, and ongoing cooperation.
C) Schools are said to promote cooperation among students, not competition.
D) Schools operate on the principle that those with the least ability are rewarded.

Question 74

Cecilia is a sociology professor who believes that religion, as a social institution, is necessary for the maintenance of society. Of the following, whose argument does her ideas most resemble?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Max Weber
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Robert Merton

Question 75

Which of the following theorists suggested that students come to school with different social assets?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Pierre Bourdieu
C) Jeannie Oakes
D) Max Weber

Question 76

What did Marx mean when he referred to religion as the "opium of the people"?

A)Religion soothes the disadvantaged like a narcotic, blinding them to social inequalities.
B)Once committed to religion, one cannot escape its soothing clutches.
C) The satisfaction derived from religion is very intense, something like a narcotic.
D) The effect of religion is due to the religious feeling itself, not the church or organization.

Question 77

According to research cited in the text, which of the following conclusions were drawn from the experiment in which teachers at an elementary school were intentionally misinformed that certain children were extremely intelligent?

A)The teachers went out of the way to avoid treating these students differently, and found no differences a year later.
B)There was no significant impact of the labelling effect of IQ scores.
C) There were marked academic gains among the "so-called" extremely intelligent students.
D) These positive teacher expectations actually created less successful students.

Question 78

What is the term for the implicit transmission of cultural values such as conformity and obedience to authority through the school's rules, routines, and regulations?

A)a tracking system
B)the hidden curriculum
C) a latent function of education
D) an educational indoctrination

Question 79

According to the text, which group of children fare better in school because of an advantaged home environment?

A)immigrant children
B)affluent children
C) intelligent children
D) Asian children

Question 80

How does a Weberian conflict perspective explain the role of religion in reinforcing existing social arrangements?

A)Religion teaches that material success is sinful.
B)Religion teaches that power and privilege is a sign of God's disapproval.
C) Religion teaches that if the poor work hard and live a moral life, they will be rewarded in another life.
D) Religion teaches that if the rich work hard, they will be rewarded with earthly possessions.