Deck 4: Socialization: the Self and Social Identity

Question 1

Nora Young's cultural concept of "self-tracking" includes creating digital records of various aspects of our life.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Role conflict takes place within one status while role strain involves two or more statuses.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

An example of a total institution is a cloistered monastery that includes being faithful to vows of silence, meditation, and religious study.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Socialization is a concept that reflects the transmission of stable sociocultural norms, values, beliefs, and language over an individual's life course.

Question 5

Weber's "ideal type" represents a social construct that depicts a status set that includes one (or more) master statuses, auxiliary statuses, and several social networks.

Question 6

Statuses exist independently of the specific people occupying them.

Question 7

According to the text, bureaucracies are formal organizational models with hierarchical chains of authority, sets of procedures, and guiding protocols.

Question 8

The theory of bioecological human development includes the notion that micro- and macro-levels of influence and reciprocating interaction affect individuals who are also active social agents who in turn influence their and others' developments and live experiences.

Question 9

Sociologists use the term "self" to refer to knowledge of ourselves as separate and unique persons whereas the term "self-concept" refers to the totality of our master status sets.

Question 10

Social loafing is a concept that comparable to the notion of "couch surfing" and "couch potato."

Question 11

Group influence, as a socializing agent, is limited, weak, and often unilateral in effect.

Question 12

According to Hughes (1954), individuals can have more than one master status at any given time and those statuses can operate simultaneously but be relevant only in certain situations.

Question 13

The terms "social institution" and "social structure" are interchangeable.

Question 14

According to the interactionist perspective, children are less likely to have influence over their parents due to struggles between human agency (a child's desire to be independent) and the unidirectional of socialization (normative expectations of parental discipline and control).

Question 15

According to the text, the family and mass media share equal influence as agents of socialization.

Question 16

Role strain always takes place within one specific status.

Question 17

In a sociological sense, the term "status" refers only to high-level positions in society.

Question 18

According to the text, social institutions are formal structural models with hierarchical chains of authority, sets of procedures, and guiding protocols.

Question 19

Brittany is a third-year student and Walker is in his final year of Engineering. They met at a public lecture and have been dating ever since. According to the text, their mutual attraction is embedded within a sociobiological stance such that a male seeks a young attractive female (symbolizing fertility) and a female seeks a male based on perceived power and capacity to support her and any children they may have.

Question 20

Role is the dynamic aspect of a status; while we occupy a status, we play a role.

Question 21

In sociological terms, a "role" is the behavioural component of a given status. For example, societal expectations of physicians are that they behave similar to others who have achieved comparable professional, educational, and social statuses.

Question 22

The concept of social comparison refers to how individuals evaluate others relative to appearance, merit, abilities, and social status.

Question 23

The comedy Modern Family is used as an example to illustrate postmodern perspectives about the complexities of blended familial relationships.

Question 24

Maxine is a member of her high school drama club. She signed up to help of organize props and work on the backdrops. Several club members are staying late after rehearsal to help finish this work. Maxine left early as she thought there were enough others to do the work and that nobody would notice her absence. According to the text, which of the following terms applies to Maxine's behaviour?

A)role conflict
B)social loafing
C) non-conformity
D) social facilitation

Question 25

According the text, which of the following best describes the concept of the "looking-glass self?"

A)an individual's sense of who he or she is based on perceived similarities to and differences from others
B)the portion of a person's identity and sense of self that renders him or her unique and distinct from the generalized other
C) the sense of ourselves that we developed based on perceptions of how others view us
D) an individual's sense of self developed through socialization and interactions with primary caregivers

Question 26

According to the text, which term best describes a social position obtained through personal actions?

A)master status
B)ascribed status
C) achieved status
D) meritocratic status

Question 27

Which of the following studies appeared in the text as an example of sociobiological theories?

A)the Feral Child Study
B)the Human Genome Project
C) the Minnesota Twin Study
D) the Quebec-Ontario Genetic Multiple Birth Research Program

Question 28

Biological determinism is a moderate evolutionary theory as it is still within the realm of empirical science.

Question 29

The "me" of Mead's (1934) theory of self reflects the spontaneous and unrestrained personal and social reactions.

Question 30

We hold statuses but enact roles.

Question 31

Elliot is a third-year law student, a single father of two young children, and a part-time employee at the law library on campus. He has an evening shift scheduled at the library at the same time as an evening class final, his child caregiver is also studying for exams and cannot look after his children that evening, and he has final in his legal ethics class the day after this shift. According to the text, which two terms describe the role challenges Elliot faces as he attempts to manage all of these commitments?

A)role confusion and role tension
B)role identity conflict and role strain
C) role strain and parenting role conflict
D) role strain and role conflict

Question 32

Forty percent of Canadian students are likely to be at differing times the victims of and aggressors in bullying.

Question 33

Jonathon, a registered nurse, was shopping for scrubs for his new job at an elderly care home. He normally would purchase brightly coloured scrubs with vivid eye-catching patterns but he purchased scrubs according to the dress code at the home such that employees were to wear subtly patterned pastel-hued fabrics. Which of the following best describes Jonathon's behaviour?

A)Mead's concept of the "I"
B)Charmaz' concept of social identity
C) Watson's theory of behaviourism
D) Mead's concept of the "me"

Question 34

Statuses are distinguished by the manner in which we acquire them.

Question 35

According to sociologists, what is the term used to describe the framework of cultural elements and social patterns in which social interactions take place?

A)social structure
B)social continuum
C) sociological perspective
D) sociological imagination

Question 36

In the "looking-glass self" concept, the influence of others on our personal and group identity is both direct and certain.
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Question 37

The "reflexive self" can acknowledge "itself" objectively, subjectively in relation to other social actors, and the broader macro level views of society.

Question 38

According to the text, what is the outcome of dysfunctional parenting?

A)insecure attachment and maladjustment
B)inadequate socialization and insecure attachment
C) resentment and a legacy of inadequate parenting skills
D) inadequate socialization and inadequate parenting skills

Question 39

There is wide consensus that the media has evolved to be the most significant socializing agent of modern times.

Question 40

The text provides the example of the discovery of a "feral child" named Ng Chhaidy separated from her family at the age of four. She was found and was adopted. She spent all of her formative years in isolation, is said to be "very "childlike" and is gradually learning to interact with people although her language skills are very limited. Which of the following theories or perspectives best describes this experience of social and personal behaviour?

A)behaviourism
B)socialization
C) sociobiology
D) social identity

Question 41

According to the text, what is the nature of recidivism?

A)committing crimes while under a probationary sentence
B)committing further crimes as an adult after committing crimes as a young offender
C) committing further crimes as an adult while on parole
D) committing further crimes after having been convicted of a crime

Question 42

Jonathon and Jason are twins who started a rock band. They can both play several instruments and both can sing very well. However, other than being in the band together, the brothers are NOT in any other athletic or non-athletic groups. According to the text, what term describes the part of identity that accounts for the groups with which the brothers were involved?

A)socialization
B)the "looking-glass self"
C) the sociological imagination
D) social identity

Question 43

Alex, a bass player in a rock band, had for years he worn his hair long. One day he changed the style to a much shorter look. When he arrived at the club for the band's next engagement, the other band members did not say anything but he thought that their silence was in fact a statement of disapproval. From that time on until his hair had once more grown long, he wore a hat to cover his short hair. According to the text, which theory of self might explain Alex's response to his band mates' perceived disapproval?

A)Mead's "reflexive I-to-me self"
B)Cooley's "looking-glass self"
C) Mills "sociological imagination"
D) Watsons notions of "personal identity"

Question 44

According to the text, which of the following corresponds to Mead's theory of the development of the social self?

A)a theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction in which individuals also play an important role in shaping their social environment
B)the development of one's social skills relative to specific ethnic values and beliefs that help people know how act in small and large social situations
C) humans have a unique capacity to act and react to others on the basis of shared meanings
D) the sense of ourselves that we develop based on our perceptions of how others view us

Question 45

Canada and other nations are struggling to understand and deal with citizens who become "radicalized." One aspect of the issue is to try to identify such citizens before the issue becomes critical to national, local, and personal safety. Which of the following terms best describes one possible process for attempting to reverse the effects of radicalization?

A)reconformation
B)social facilitation
C) resocialization
D) social reintegration

Question 46

Which of the following best describes the concept of sociobiology?

A)the belief that social behaviour evolved from the need to reproduce and survive
B)a theory that promotes the belief that socialization provides knowledge about normative sex roles necessary for procreation
C) the belief that human behaviour is predicated upon survival of the fittest and that biological advantages accrue to the strongest collection of genes
D) the belief that human behaviour is controlled by genetics

Question 47

Which of the following best describes the concept of biological determinism?

A)the belief that social behaviour evolved from the need to reproduce and survive
B)a theory that promotes the belief that socialization provides knowledge about normative sex roles necessary for procreation
C) the belief that human behaviour is predicated upon survival of the fittest and that biological advantages accrue to robust improvement of genetic material
D) the belief that human behaviour is controlled by genetics

Question 48

Mead's theory of the social self includes three stages of development. Which of the following is NOT one those stages?

A)preparatory stage
B)transitional stage
C) play stage
D) game stage

Question 49

According to the text, which of the following corresponds to a perspective known as behaviourism?

A)the theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction between individuals
B)a school of thought that denies free will, emphasizes observable phenomena, and claims that all behaviour is learned from the environment
C) the belief that human behaviour is controlled by a blend of genetics and the environment (the nature-nurture debate)
D) the belief that human social behaviour is predicated upon the biological drive to procreation and survival

Question 50

Which of the following perspectives is credited to psychologist John B. Watson (1924)?

A)sociobiology
B)biological determinism
C) socialization
D) behaviourism

Question 51

According to the text, what is the feminist perspective regarding the nature of families in contemporary society?

A)Families are a significant location of disagreement based on traditional notions of heteronormativity.
B)Families can reinforce significant sex- and gender-role differentiation.
C) Families can recreate traditional and existing social patterns.
D) Families can impede individual development of non-normative sexuality.

Question 52

Grace and her grandfather were discussed her decision to become a firefighter rather than a nurse. Grandpa tried to explain to her that females were NOT capable of the strenuous and stressful work that certain careers entailed. Females, because of their smaller physical frames and gentler natures were best suited to the professions such as nurses and elementary school teachers. He added that traditional male-dominated professionals employed "firemen" and "policemen." In which theoretical perspective do Grace's grandfather beliefs lie?

A)sociobiology
B)biological differentiation
C) biological determinism
D) natural sexual selection

Question 53

According to the text, what is the basic premise that underlines interactionist theories relative to the development of the self?

A)The manner in which children learn to differentiate between right, wrong, and following rules of etiquette and fairness at play will depend in the range of significant others in his or her social world.
B)The way that people identify and label a person can affects that person's self-perception.
C) Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings the things have for them.
D) The theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction between individuals.

Question 54

According to the text, what is the term used to describe the process by which individuals acquire knowledge about the roles accompanying a specific social position before taking on that social position?

A)anticipatory socialization
B)ancillary specialization
C) adaptive socialization
D) anticipatory specialization

Question 55

Families are supposed to fulfill specific purposes and be responsible for particular guidance to young children in order to guide them into becoming productive adults and citizens. According to the text, from what theoretical perspective does this notion of the family emerge?

A)symbolic interactionism
B)feminist perspective
C) functionalist perspective
D) postmodern perspective

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the concept of status set?

A)the most influential combination of statuses in an individual's life
B)the sum total of all of the statuses held by a person at a given time
C) the sum total of the combination of ascribed and achieved statuses accrued throughout an individual's lifetime
D) the combination of statuses that is assigned to a group as signifiers of ethnicity, language, sociocultural heritage, and cultural tradition

Question 57

According to the text, which of the following best defines an individual's auxiliary traits?

A)the range of traits that are assigned to a person because of his or her ethnic appearance
B)stereotypical assumptions about an individual based on group characteristics
C) characteristics presumed to accompany a specific master status
D) a person's socioeconomic status, education, ethnic, gender, and age

Question 58

Bill was reading the profiles of potential partners on an online dating site. He had children from his first relationship and wanted to meet someone who was also a parent. However, he was concerned about how other people approached parenthood. He considered himself a loving father while also being a fair but strict disciplinarian and wanted to meet someone whose parenting style complemented his own. According to the text, what is the term used to describe a particular personal quality in which Bill was concerned?

A)secondary status
B)auxiliary trait
C) ancillary status
D) a "deal breaker"

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT one of the core components of Cooley's "looking-glass" concept"?

A)We imagine how we are judged by others.
B)We imagine how others judge that appearance.
C) We incorporate those judgments into our own sense of self.
D) We reconcile those perceptions with our own self-identities.

Question 60

A gang in a poor neighbourhood had an initiation ritual that involved committing a "break and enter" in a wealthier neighbourhood. One of the new initiates was convicted of similar crimes as a young offender. After apprehension by police, he was charged and convicted. What is the term used to describe reconviction of further criminal behaviour after initial convictions?

A)reactive offending
B)recidivism
C) secondary offences
D) reoffending

Question 61

According to the text, which of the following corresponds to a perspective known as radical behaviourism?

A)a school of thought that denies free will, emphasizes observable phenomena, and claims that all behaviour is learned from the environment
B)the belief that human behaviour is controlled by a blend of genetics and the environment (the nature-nurture debate)
C) the belief that human social behaviour is predicated upon the biological drive to procreation and survival
D) an emphasis placed on how learning is a function of the consequences that follow behaviour

Question 62

Which of the following best describes the concept of personal identity?

A)the portion of a person's sense of self that renders him or her unique from others
B)an individual's sense of who he or she is based on similarities and differences with others
C) the knowledge of how to respond appropriately to socialization processes that integrate society's norms, values, beliefs, and tradition into a sense of self
D) the part of a person's sense of self-concept resulting from membership in various social groups

Question 63

Maria was reading the profiles of potential partners on an online dating site. She wanted a partner who was introspective and compassionate. However, she knew that those qualities might NOT typically be associated with the normative expectations attached to masculinity. Further, she thought that how men described themselves might be a response to those social norms and NOT necessarily an accurate self-description. According to the text, what is the term used to describe the particular personal qualities in which Maria was concerned?

A)secondary statuses
B)ancillary statuses
C) "deal breakers"
D) auxiliary traits

Question 64

According to the text, which theorist proposed the concept of the "looking-glass self"?

A)Skinner
B)Mead
C) Cooley
D) Watson

Question 65

According to the text, which of the following describes Mead's game stage of childhood development?

A)Children learn to take on the role of others.
B)Children learn to imitate the behaviour of others through observation.
C) Children learn to take acknowledge and actuate several different roles simultaneously.
D) Children learn to differentiate between right, wrong, fairness, and following rules of etiquette and fairness at play.

Question 66

According to the text, which of the following describes Mead's play stage of childhood development?

A)Children learn to take on the role of others.
B)Children learn to imitate the behaviour of others through observation.
C) Children learn to take acknowledge and actuate several different roles simultaneously.
D) Children learn to differentiate between right, wrong, fairness, and following rules of etiquette and fairness at play.

Question 67

Feminist theorists have commented on the differential treatment of girls and boys in families. Clearfield and Nelson (2006) noted different parenting styles between mothers of daughters and mothers of sons. According to the text, what different parenting styles did mothers display towards daughters relative to sons?

A)Mothers spoke to and interacted with sons and daughters equally but differed greatly in the context of both verbal and physical interaction given to girls versus boys.
B)Mothers spoke to and interacted more with daughters than with sons while being less emotive and less likely to respond with tenderness if a male child displayed distress or encountered a minor physical trauma.
C) Generally, mothers of sons were quicker to transfer caregiving of sons to the fathers or alternative caregivers (i.e., day care workers) with little emotional display and displayed more reluctance to leave daughters with others and were more emotive (long hugs, tender kisses, reassurances of love, and quiet whispers that mom would be back as quickly as she could).
D) Mothers of sons were quicker to administer strict discipline in public while being less willing to be seen administering strict discipline to daughters.

Question 68

Which of the following best describes the concept of ascribed status?

A)a social position obtained through personal actions
B)a social position conferred at birth
C) a social position that exists independently of any given individual who may occupy it
D) a social position acquired through mastery of social skills relative to specific ethnic values and beliefs that help people know how act in small and large social situations

Question 69

Jocelyne was constantly re-evaluating her appearance and her status among various social groups in her workplace. She had a diagnosis of clinical depression and her prescriptions included anti-anxiety medication. According to the text, relative to Cooley's concept of the social self, which of these terms most accurately describes Jocelyne's self-perception?

A)She has a weak social identity.
B)She has a strong "looking-glass self-orientation."
C) She has a pervasive sense of "anomie."
D) She is unable to reintegrate her perceptions of the "looking-glass self" into a functional social self-identity.

Question 70

According to Duff and Pearce (2013), which of the following are two significant attitudes that children learn from primary caregivers and parents?

A)self-reflection and self-esteem
B)compassion and kindness
C) interpersonal trust and forgiveness
D) self-esteem and interpersonal trust

Question 71

According to the text, which of the following is the key aspect of Cooley's "looking-glass self?"

A)The perceived judgments of others are significant to our self-esteem and identities as we may misinterpret others' judgements.
B)It is not so much a matter of how a person perceives others' judgments as it is a matter of adapting to those judgements within normative social expectations.
C) A person may incorrectly interpret others' judgments and act without considering the consequences of an inappropriate social response.
D) It is difficult to assess whether others are judging our master statuses or our auxiliary statues.

Question 72

Which of the following perspectives is credited to psychologist B.F. Skinner (1938)?

A)radical behaviourism
B)biological determinism
C) radical socialization
D) sociobiology

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT one of Blumer's (1969) assumptions attached to the symbolic interactionist perspective?

A)Human beings act towards things on the basis of the meanings the things have for them.
B)The subjective and objective meanings attached to symbols and objects are operationalized through language, rituals, and cultural traditions.
C) The meaning of things is derived from social interactions.
D) These meanings are handled and modified through an interpretive process.

Question 74

Structural guidelines exist within the framework of social structure to provide context for all of our social interactions. Which of the following is NOT one the guidelines noted in the text?

A)norms
B)language
C) values
D) social patterns

Question 75

According to the text, what term do sociologists use to refer to an individual's sense of who he or she is based on perceived similarities to and differences from others?

A)individual personality
B)self-concept
C) social identity
D) psycho-social identity

Question 76

As an employee at a local grocery store, Sohail sometimes stocks shelves with canned goods. What term would we use to refer to his stocking the shelves?

A)status
B)stigma
C) role strain
D) role

Question 77

Which of the following descriptions correspond to the concept of social status?

A)the behavioural feature of the combined effects of a person's socioeconomic position, level of education, sex, gender, age, and ethnicity
B)a social position that is assigned to a person through compliance with social norms, values, beliefs, and social location
C) a recognized social position that exists independently of any given individual who may occupy it
D) an acknowledged social position conferred upon an individual at birth, but influenced by variables such as socioeconomic station, level of education, sex, gender, age, and merit

Question 78

According to the text, which of the following corresponds to the bioecological theory of human development?

A)a theory of human development that reveals human behaviour to be an enduring process of adaptation, interpretation, and interaction with observable phenomena
B)the theory that human behaviour is organized around the integration of genetic factors and environmental forces
C) the theory that promotes the belief that human social behaviour emerged from a distinct need to reproduce, survive, adapt, and thrive
D) a theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction in which individuals also play an important role in shaping their environment

Question 79

According to Duff and Pearce (2013), what is one of the possible outcomes for children who do not learn healthy self-esteem and who have low interpersonal trust?

A)inability to develop and maintain secure attachments
B)low educational achievement
C) depressive and anxious personality disorders
D) inability to maintain stable social networks

Question 80

According to the text, what is the term that highlights NOT only your self-perception as a unique individual but also your membership in groups?

A)personal-social identity continuum
B)primary-social identity characteristics
C) personal-auxiliary identity traits
D) primary-social traits